EX@FACING TENDENCIES FALLING INTO A VICIOUS CIRCLE

FACING TENDENCIES FALLING INTO A VICIOUS CIRCLE

FORMATION AND REDUCTION OF EGOS' TENDENCIES

REVIEW OF "SENSATIONS AND RECOLLECTIONS OF IMAGES" and "EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES"

    This book is on the basis of "SENSATIONS AND RECOLLECTIONS OF IMAGES" and "EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES." Therefore, if possible, please read this book after those books are read. All the same, the writers of this book try to write it so that readers can read it even if those books are not read. "EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES" explained the basis of egos and their tendencies. This book will explain its application. Before that, "SENSATIONS AND RECOLLECTIONS OF IMAGES" and "EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES" will be summarized very simply.
    Appearing things as mental phenomena can be divided into things appearing on sensations and things appearing as images, which are often referred to merely as images. Simply, images are what occur to us. What are premised to cause images as sources can be called Images' Sources or Images. That is, the word of images sometimes designates their sources. Images' sources in neuronal systems are neuronal groups' excitements and transmissions or abilities. The nervous functions which replay images' sources can be called Recollections of Images, Images' Being Recollected, or things' Being Recollected as Images. Simply, things' occurring to me, being remembered, being anticipated, and so forth are recollections of Images. When the word of recollections is used, the past things' being remembered may occur to us, but the present things' occurring to us, the future things' being anticipated, and the unreal things' being imagined are included in recollections of images in these books.
    Intentional functions can be classified in the following way. Simple explanations or examples will be taken.

Intentional functions
  (1) Voluntary movements
      They are caused by the excitements and transmissions of the neuronal groups from the motor areas on the frontal lobes to spinal cords and motor nerves or to cranial nerves and the contractions of striated muscles.
    (1-1) Unitary voluntary movements
      They are not separable any more.
      Bending and stretching joints, moving eye balls, moving tongues, moving and straining and relaxing vocal cords, and so forth.
    (1-2) Complex voluntary movements
      They consist of more than one unitary voluntary movement.
      Walking upright on two legs, running alike, and so forth.
  (2) Pure mental intentional functions
    (2-1) Manipulations of images
      They are egos' manipulating images being recollected.
      Combining images, dissolving them, switching them, escaping them, and so forth.
    (2-2) Thinkings
      They consist of associations and manipulations of images by egos.
      Thinkings in a narrow sense, retracings, foreseeings, and daydreamings.
  (3) Synthetic functions
      They consist of voluntary movements and manipulations of images or thinkings.
      Speaking and writing words, operating machines, interpersonal functions, and so forth.

    As for egos, simply, egos directly cause intentional functions in situations. Egos intervene between situations and intentional functions. Metaphorically, situations are inputs, intentional functions are outputs, and egos are a computer.
    An ego consists of a rational system and an emotional system. Metaphorically, the rational system proposes some possible and necessary intentional functions in a situation, and the emotional system decides which of them to carry out according to which of them causes the most intense pleasure. Therefore the emotional system is more important in every ego. The explanation of its details occupies a considerable part of "EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES." The following explanation cannot help ending half-way and may be hard to understand. Then, you can think that you understood egos with the above metaphors.
    Now, not only other persons' but also the self's intentional functions are sensed, recognized, generated, memorized, stored, and recollected as images. Out of such images, those which can indirectly cause intentional functions can be called "Functional Images(' Sources)."
    The starters, as it were, of the neuronal groups causing intentional functions can be called "Functional Neuronal Groups (FF)." There are some neuronal ways (IF) from the neuronal groups which functional images' sources go through to functional neuronal groups (FF). Such neuronal ways can be called "Image to Function Neuronal Ways (IF)." When a situation is recognized, some functional images are recollected, some of them cause the excitements and transmissions of some image to function neuronal ways (IF), and some of them can causes the excitements and transmissions of some functional neuronal groups (FF) and some intentional functions. The recognition of the situation, the recollections of the functional images, the functional images' sources, and the excitements and transmissions of the image to function neuronal ways can be called a "Rational System (RS)." However, only with rational systems, the whole of an ego is not caused, and no intentional functions are caused.
    There are some neuronal ways (IE) from the neuronal groups which functional images' sources go through to some neuronal groups causing pleasure or displeasure autonomic sensations. Such neuronal ways can be called "Image to Emotion Neuronal Ways (IE)." When some functional images are recollected, some of them cause the excitements and transmissions of some image to emotion neuronal ways, some of them cause some pleasure or displeasure autonomic sensations, and some of them cause some functional impulses, the most intense of them can promote the excitements and transmissions of some image to function neuronal ways (IF) or some functional neuronal groups (FF), those functional neuronal groups (FF) excite and transmit, and the intentional functions represented by the functional images which caused those most intense functional impulses. The excitements and transmissions of the image to emotion neuronal ways (IE), the pleasure or displeasure autonomic sensations, the functional impulses, and the promotions of the excitements and transmissions of the image to function neuronal ways (IF) or functional neuronal groups (FF) can be called an "Emotional System."
    An ego consists of a rational system and an emotional system. An intentional function is caused by both of those systems. Again, metaphorically, the rational system propose some intentional functions as functional images which are possible and necessary in a situation, and the emotional system decides which of them to adopt and carry out according to which of them causes the most intense pleasure. The rational system propose several intentional functions as functional images if their possibility and necessity are nearly equal. These proposed intentional functions include those which comply with the law, ethics, and so forth in the human society, those which go against them, and those which are original for each individual. It is emotional systems that decide which of them to adopt and carry out. Therefore, in egos, emotional systems are more important than rational ones.
    The rational system and the emotional system which can cause an intentional function can be called a "Limited Ego." Usually in a situation, a lot of limited egos arise and go through a common process. There is a part in that process where limited egos compete with one another. They do not give way to one another. That is because limited egos are neuronal groups or ways' excitements and transmissions. In that part, the limited egos which have the largest tendency to be caused in the competition make the others disappear and are caused, and cause the intentional functions which their functional images designated. The set of the limited egos arising in a situation and the common process which they go through containing the part where they compete with one another can be called a "Limiting Ego." In a limiting ego, at once, more than one limited ego, practically a lot of limited egos arise, and a limited number (N) of them which have the largest tendencies to be caused in the competition are caused. Such a tendency can be called a "Limited Ego's Tendency" (to Be Caused)
    Concerning that limited number (N), that is, the number of the limited egos caused at once, its details were explained in "EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES." If the inertial egos explained in it mattered, N could be more than one. However, the limited egos which will be explained in this book cannot be inertial ones. Therefore N is one in this book. That is, at once, though a lot of limited egos arise, only one of them which has the largest tendency to be caused is caused. This will agree with our daily feeling that I am intending to do only one thing at any moment.
    All the same, in a time of seconds or more, more than one ego is caused and do replace one another .
    Thus, there are limited egos in a limiting ego, and they are distinguished. However, if they are always distinguished and if the words of "limiting," "limited," or the like are always used, sentences will be complicated. Therefore, when it is clear from the context which is referred to, those words will be omitted, and the words of "egos,""egos' tendencies," or the like will be used.
    What decides such tendencies of (limited) egos is the following. In a time from the baby period to the present, when an intentional function was caused in a certain situation, when it caused pleasure emotions or reduced displeasure emotions, and when they caused pleasure autonomic sensations, the image to emotion neuronal way from the functional image of that intentional function to those pleasure autonomic sensations is activated. When those were repeated, the ability of that image to emotion neuronal way is increased or retained. At present, when a similar situation is recognized and when the functional image of that intentional function is recollected, that activated image to emotion neuronal way excites and transmits and cause those pleasure autonomic sensations and an intense functional impulse, and the whole of the limited ego causing that intentional function are caused. Simply, what decides the tendency of the limited ego intending to cause an intentional functions is how intensely and frequently that intentional function caused pleasure emotions or reduced displeasure emotions.
    All the same, for grown-ups, there might remain some intentional functions which are unaccountable with that explanation. Why do egos cause such intentional functions as being desperate, destroying anything, and being sticky causing pain in the long run? That is because babies or infants had immature egos as they were, because egos' tendencies have been being formed since the baby period, and because such intentional functions caused pleasure emotions or reduced displeasure emotions, though faintly and temporarily, frequently in the baby and infant period.
    Intentional functions and limited egos are classified into such groups as being desperate, being sticky, and showing off the self. The functional images of the intentional functions belonging to one of such groups cause the excitements and transmissions, and activations of the same or similar image to emotion neuronal ways and cause the same or similar pleasure autonomic emotions. Therefore limited egos' tendencies belonging to one of such groups are formed together. A group of limited egos whose tendencies are formed together thus can be called an "Outline" of (limited) egos. In addition, the average of the limited egos' tendencies belonging to an outline can be called the Tendency of the Outlines of (Limited) Egos. Limited egos' tendencies are formed with their outlines made units. In addition, the group of the intentional functions caused by the limited egos belonging to an outline can be called an Outline of Intentional Functions.
    In our daily lives and psychology, human intentional functions, limited egos, and their tendencies are often argued with outlines made units. For example, we often say, "He or she is sticky," "He or she tends to destroy anything," He or she tends to control anything," or the like, and each of those descriptions makes a good guess at the tendency of an outline of limited egos. Also in these books intentional functions, limited egos, and their tendencies are argued with their outlines made units. However, if the word of outlines were always used, sentences would be complicated. Therefore the word of outlines is often omitted in our daily lives and psychology and in these books. For example, the tendency of the outline of limited egos to destroy anything is often rewritten into egos' tendency to destroy anything.
    By the way, it is not intentional functions' abilities but limited egos' tendencies that are formed with outlines made units. Intentional functions' abilities are formed with subgroups smaller than outlines made units. For example, the outline of intentional functions of interpersonal escape has some subgroups of (1) directly escaping interpersonal relations like pretending illness, (2) always causing superficial interpersonal functions, (3) always causing business-like interpersonal functions, (4) exclusively causing destructive and unapproachable interpersonal functions, and so forth, each subgroup needs its own ability, and there are few who are good at all of them. For example 2, even in a person who has a large tendency of the outline of limited egos to control and destroy anything, the ability of the subgroup of intentional functions to be a lion at home and a mouse abroad can be developed.
    That a (limited) ego's (outline's) tendency gets larger can be called its Formation or Being Formed, and that it gets smaller can be called its Reduction or Being Reduced. Though the word "reduction" may make a bad impression, for example, when the tendency to be sticky, the tendency to destroy anything, and so forth are reduced, some pain in the long run is reduced.
    In general, such tendencies of (limited) egos(' outlines) as being desperate, being sticky, showing off the self are formed in the baby and infant period, and thereafter they are reduced. In cases where such formation and reduction of them in an individual are looked into, the absolute values of tendencies are suitable, and the word of tendencies means them. In contrast, in the case where the excessive formation and delayed reduction of them are looked into, the standard deviation values of tendencies among the same species and age are suitable, and the word of tendencies means them.
    In addition, the matrix where the absolute values or the standard deviation values of limited egos' outlines' tendencies in the limiting ego of an individual are made its elements can be called the absolute values or the standard deviation values the "Limiting Ego's Tendencies" or its "Habit." In addition, that some of its elements are changed can be called its Formation or Reformation. For example, the standard deviation values of a limiting ego's tendencies can be described as (the tendency to be desperate, the tendency to be sticky, the tendency to show off the self, ...) = (53. 64, 59, ...).
    Thus, a limited ego's tendency and a limiting ego's tendencies or habit are distinguished. However, when it is clear in the context which are designated, they can be called Egos' Tendencies. In addition, even if the modifier of "limited egos' outlines'" is not used, the word of tendencies usually designate limited egos' outlines' tendencies in these books.
    Thus, usually, what matters in egos is their tendencies, and what matters in intentional functions is their abilities. Even if the modifier of "intentional functions'" is not used, the word of abilities designate intentional functions' abilities in these books.

HUMANITY AND PERSONALITY

What is called personality consists of intelligence, knowledge, mental emotions' tendencies, intentional functions' abilities, and egos' tendencies. The most important of them are egos' tendencies. The next most important of them are intentional functions' abilities or mental emotions' tendencies. For example, though interpersonal anxiety's tendency and interpersonal functions' abilities are important, if limited egos' tendency to escape interpersonal relations is formed, interpersonal functions are rarely caused, interpersonal functions stay more and more immature, and interpersonal anxiety gets more and more intense.
What was important for human beings should have been intelligence and knowledge, above all, the products of thinkings, that is, thoughts or ideas. Most of what was called "humanity" consists of them. Particularly since the enlightenment movement, they have been paid our highest respect to. These books never deny that they are important for human beings. All the same, the tendencies of egos can deviate their formation. For example, in those who have intense tendencies of egos to control or destroy anything, autocratic desires and thoughts are formed. Thus, the tendencies of egos not only decide personality but also deviate humanity.

PERIODS DURING WHICH THE TENDENCIES OR ABILITIES OF SIMILAR FUNCTIONS ARE FORMED IN LUMPS

    There are such periods as follows during which the similar tendencies or abilities are formed or reduced in similar ways: (1) the period during which egos' tendencies are formed by infantile egos' imitating and piggybacking instinctive functions and then reduced, (2) the period during which the tendencies of egos, mental emotions, and recollections of images are formed by egos' coping with the self's images and their surroundings and their products, and (3) the period during which egos' tendencies are formed by egos' coping with egos' tendencies and intentional functions' abilities. (1)(2)(3) can be called the "Baby and Infant Period," the "Postinfant and Preadlescent Period," and the "Adolescent Period" respectively. Averagely in human beings, those periods span the following ages:

(1) the baby and infant period:
the ages from 0 to 3
(2) the postinfant and preadlescent period:
the ages fro 3 to 12
(3) the adolescent period:
the ages from 12 to 17

Again, it is averagely that they span so. They will be explained more closely as follows.

(1) The baby and infant period

    The short-circuit, being sticky, showing off the self, and so forth in newborns are instinctive functions also in human beings. All the same, there are very primordial egos as they are also in human newborns, and egos begin to develop. Such egos imitate and piggyback such instinctive functions. This is because almost all they can imitate are their own instinctive functions. Thus, the tendencies of the outlines of the egos similar to instincts causing the outlines of the intentional functions similar to instinctive functions are formed. (The outlines of) the intentional functions similar to instinctive functions thus can be called "(Outlines of) Instinctive Intentional Functions (Similar to Instinctive Functions)," and (the outlines of ) the egos similar to instincts thus can be called "(Outlines of) Instinctive Egos (Similar to Instinct)." The tendencies of instinctive egos can remain even after the adolescent period.
    Here we find that there are some groups in instinctive functions which are imitated and piggybacked by egos and which become outlines of intentional functions and cause outlines of egos. Such groups can be called the "Primordial Outlines" of Instinctive Functions. If these books argue instinctive functions, they often argue their primordial outlines. In addition, if the words of "primordial outlines of" instinctive functions were always used, sentences will be complicated. Therefore they were usually designated by the simple words of "instinctive functions."
    The tendencies of general instinctive functions including them are the largest in newborns, and thereafter they reduce. This is the reduction planned innately by genes. In addition, the frames of egos and memories imitating functions other than instinctive functions begin to develop, and babies or infants begin to imitate intentional functions of parents and others. Therefore the tendencies of the outlines of instinctive egos (similar to instincts) causing the outlines of instinctive intentional functions (similar to instinctive functions) begin to reduce after being temporarily formed.
    As for the formation of the abilities of intentional functions in this period, the abilities to crawl, to stand, to walk, and to speak begin to develop. Above all, the abilities to walk upright on two legs and to speak words, which are the most fundamental intentional functions in human beings, begin to develop, and the former are formed almost fully in this period.
    As for interpersonal relations in this period, the relations with their mothers or main caregivers occupy most of them. The influences of such situations will be explained later.

(2) The postinfant and preadolescent period

    Averagely around the age of three, the frames of memories are matured almost fully, and the contents of memories get richer. Therefore we can recall some events caused even in the beginning of this period. In other words, it was because the frames of memories were immature that we cannot recall the events in the baby and infant period.
    By such maturation of the frames of memories, the self's images also begin to be generated. Sooner or later thereafter, the finiteness of the self in contrast to the infiniteness of the world begin to be recognized. Soon thereafter the anxiety about the self's dying sooner or later begin to be caused. Simultaneously, the tendencies of egos and emotions coping with the self's images and their surroundings and that anxiety begin to be formed. Also after this period, coping with that anxiety are an aspect of human life.
    As for interpersonal relations in this period, children begin to enter some interpersonal relations which are apart from their mothers or main caregivers, but they do so with their support or in facilities or schools.

(3) The adolescent period

    In this period, egos' tendencies and intentional functions' abilities of the self come to be recognized, and egos' tendencies coping with them are formed. The indicator of the beginning of this period is the beginning to think of what is called "personality" of the self including egos' tendencies and intentional functions' abilities.

    As for interpersonal relations in this period, the ability of interpersonal functions enough to cause independent ones has barely been formed. Anyway, in the modern society, most of the boys and girls in this period are still in schools.
    It overlaps in most part with the period from the beginning to the end of rapid development of sexual functions.

CARE OF CHILDREN

The functions to a child by some older human beings which are essential to its existence and development, above all, in the baby and infant period can be called their "Care" of it. It includes breast or bottle feeding, diaper changing, hugging, bathing, and weaning.

MOTHERS

The human beings in the position where they should mainly take care of a child in the baby and infant period can be called its "Mothers (or Main Caregivers)." Those who are in such a position are mothers, and they do not always take proper care. In addition, they do not always take care with love.
Though mothers are usually a biological mother, a biological father, mothers-in-law, fathers-in-law, grand mothers or fathers, senior siblings, specialists in facilities, and so forth can be mothers. In addition, mothers are not always one person. For example 1, in the case that a child's biological father is in unemployment and that its biological mother is in employment, the two can be its mothers. For example 2, in the case that a child's biological mother died at its age of one and that one of its grandmothers brought it up thereafter, the two can be its mothers. Therefore the plural form of "mothers (or main caregivers)" are often used even for one child in these books. In these books, the word of mothers are used in those senses, and the words of "or main care givers" are often omitted. Nonetheless, most mothers are a biological mother. This is because of not an idealistic reason but a realistic one.

INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS OF CHILDREN IN THE BABY AND INFANT PERIOD

Children in the baby and infant period have no choice of interpersonal relations. Their interpersonal relations are limited to their mothers and a few others. They cannot help acquiring love and care in such limited interpersonal relations. This limitation of their human relations is too obvious for us to take account of.

MOTHERS' LOVE

    Usually, mothers' love of a child is unified with mothers' care of the child. Simply, mothers take more or less care of a child with more or less love. Metaphorically, love is the spice of care. Though even without love, with care, a baby survive and grow biologically, what become of it psychologically? How vital is spice?
    Emotions were explained closely in "EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES." Emotions consist of pleasure or displeasure sensations, drives, feelings, desires, and complex emotions. Love in general is a kind of complex emotion which consists of sexual drives, drives to gather, drives to protect and nurse children, anxiety about isolation, interpersonal desires, and so forth. Not only human beings but some mammals have love. Human beings have the most complicated love of all animals.
    Love is different to a great degree depending on its objects and situations. From the beginning, it is wrong that mothers' love of their children, that between different sexes, that in LGBTQ, that even without sexual drives, that for particular human beings, that for general human beings, that for nature, that for the truth, and so forth are argued with the same word "love." In this book, from now on, the word "love" designates mothers' love of their children.
    First, more or less even in human beings, there remain some drives (1) to protect and bring up their juniors. (1) would be intense with blood relations, but (1) might exist and function even without them. Second, (1) is influenced by (2) the change of endocrine systems and nervous systems which start with pregnancy. However, (1)(2) are not everything. Third, when those who are in the position of taking care of a baby, that is, its mothers or caregivers encounter it for the first time, (3) the feeling like "wonder at life" is caused more or less. Though such a feeling is often narrated by a biological mother who encounters her baby for the first time after delivery, it can be experienced more or less by any mother or caregiver. Even when a baby is not the first for its mother, she has almost forgotten the feeling which she had when she faced the first. Forth, a baby or infant attracts their mothers while growing, and exerts some influences on mothers' emotions. Thus, there are some parts (4) of mothers' emotions influenced by a child. A complex emotion which consists of (1)-(4) can be called Mothers' "Natural" Love of Children, and a complex emotion where it is dominant can be called Mothers' Love of Children. Therefore mothers do not need to think of love seriously. Such an assertion as "those who think what is mothers' love do not have it" is not completely an extreme one.
    Mothers' love cannot help being contaminated more or less with such selfish desires as "children will take care of us in our old age." Usually, as long as natural love explained above is dominant, such contamination is harmless for children.
    In addition, mothers' love is accompanied with such feeling of the duty as "we must bring up our children in good health." Such feeling is based on unwritten and written laws. A complex emotion where such is dominant cannot be called mothers' love. All the same, some feeling of duty is necessary.
    In general, other persons' emotions are recognized and perceived. Also in the children before the age of three, mothers' love is perceived and recognized in their own way. Here, the inconsistency of

(1)(Mothers') love (for their children)
(2)The love recognized by mothers
(3)The love sought by mothers
(4)The love recognized by children
(5)The love sought by children

matters. What matters for children is (4)(5) and the difference between (4) and (5). What matters for mothers is (1)(2)(3), the difference between (2) and (3), and the difference between them and (4)(5) and the difference between (4) and (5). All the same, as long as the natural love explained earlier is dominant, those differences do not matter much. That is because all that babies or infants can recognize is the natural love explained above and because they cannot recognize adults' affairs.
    In addition, children seek not deep or abundant love but natural love explained earlier. That is because when there is natural love, children seek something other than love like toys and friends.

MOTHERS' THINNESS OF LOVE OR CARE

    It often happens that Mothers' love or care goes thin temporarily. In contrast, that mothers' love or care is thin continuously or continually can be called "(Mothers') Thinness of Love or Care. For example 1, when mothers are isolated and they have few interpersonal relations with others, some of those mothers do not let their children go away from themselves and make use of the relations with their children in order to reduce the feeling of being isolated. In such a case, the desires and egos intending to reduce such a feeling are dominant, and love goes thin. For example 2, when a mother's ego's tendency to control anything is intense and when she intends to control their children, too, such an ego become dominant, and her love becomes thin. Moreover, these two examples lead to the enclosure which will be explained later. In those cases, it is probable that those mothers misrecognize and assert their egos and emotions as love.
    Being sticky, showing off the self, and so forth are (primordial outlines of) instinctive functions fit for babies to acquire mothers' love and care. Babies have infantile egos as they are, and they imitate and piggyback those instinctive functions, and the tendencies of the instinctive egos (similar to instincts) causing the instinctive intentional functions (similar to those instinctive functions) in the baby and infant period. Simply, a baby or infant is being sticky and showing off the self intentionally. When the mothers of a baby or infant take care of it with love, it is satisfied with love, is sometimes bored with it, they seek something other than love, and the tendencies of those instinctive egos begin to reduce around the age of 3. In contrast, when its mothers' love and care are thin, it cannot be satisfied with love, it goes on seeking love forever, it goes on being sticky, showing off the self, and so forth, the tendencies of those instinctive egos do not reduce. Mothers' thinness of love are the most potent external situation that forms infantile falling tendencies which will be explained later.
    Battering, neglect, or the like is more serious and clearer than mothers' thinness of love. All the same, we should not neglect the latter by paying too much attention to the former. Anyway, the latter can be looked upon as what include the former. In addition, the former can be looked upon as an extreme aspect of the latter. Battering, neglect, or the like is included in mothers' thinness of love in these books.

ENCLOSURES

    An individual's keeping other individuals to himself or herself and not letting them go apart from himself or herself both physically and mentally in order to increase or maintain his or her pleasure emotions or decrease his or her displeasure emotions can be called the individual's "Enclosure" of the other individuals or Enclosing them. Some mothers enclose their children.
    The mothers whose desires in general are not satisfied often heighten their desires which can be satisfies with their children and enclose them. Above all, the mothers who are isolated, whose interpersonal relations are limited, and whose interpersonal desires in general are not satisfied often heighten those for their children and enclose them. In addition, in what is called interference or meddling, mothers, fathers, or grand fathers or mothers try to satisfy the desire to disseminate their values by imposing them on their children or grand children by enclosing them. What is called interference or meddling is included in enclosure in these books.
    In enclosure, it is some mental emotions other than love that mothers try to satisfy. As a result, love goes thin in enclosure.
    Mothers' thinness of love and enclosure of their children are the main external situation that forms infantile falling tendencies of children which will be explained later.

IMITATIONS

    The intentional functions or the instinctive functions of other individuals or the self are perceived, and egos intend to cause them. This is the first half of an imitation. Though with failing again and again, egos cause those functions again and again. This is the second half of an imitation and is try and error. When they are repeated, the abilities of those intentional functions and the tendencies of egos to cause them are formed. This is the completion of imitation and the ending of try and error. Thus, all formations of intentional functions' abilities and egos' tendencies involve some imitations more or less.
    However, in some of those imitations, try and error is too dominant to use the word of imitation. For example, such a word is hard to use in the formation of the ability of the intentional function like walking upright on two legs or speaking or writing words.
    In addition, concerning the imitation of the self's instinctive functions, the word of imitation might be inappropriate. That is because there is too little try and error. It might be appropriate to use the word of "piggybacking." Therefore the combined words of imitation and piggybacking will sometimes be used in these books.
    In contrast, the following usages will be common. Above all, destroying anything and controlling anything are imitated, and egos' tendency to destroy and control anything are formed or enhanced, above all, in the preadolescent and adolescent period. For example, though it is a pity, it cannot help being said that the children brought up in violent groups often become destructive.
    All the same, egos' tendency to destroy anything is formed in the baby and infant period also by imitating and piggybacking the self's instinctive functions. Such destructive tendency as was formed in the baby and infant period tends to head for the self. That is, it often leads to what is called self-harm.

FACING OR CONFRONTING AND ESCAPING

FACING OR CONFRONTATION AND ESCAPING

    When a thing (O) causes some pain (PO),
when an intentional function (F) dealing with O also causes some pain (PF),
but when F can decrease PO or increase or maintain some other pleasure emotions in the future,
and on the other hand, when another intentional function (E) dealing with O can decrease PO temporarily but cannot decrease PO or increase or maintain any other pleasure emotions in the future,
F can be called (Intentional Functions') "Facing" or Confronting O, PO, PF, or F. In addition, limited egos' causing F can be called (Egos') Facing or Confronting O, PO, PF, or F. In addition, E can be called (Intentional Functions') Escaping (from) O, PO, PF, or F. In addition, the limited egos' causing E can be called (Egos') Escaping (from) O, PO, PF, or F. For example, the usage of the words can be done "an ego faces the images of the self's falling tendencies" or "an ego escapes (from) the images of the self's falling tendencies."
    Facing and escaping can be looked upon as bipolar functions as those dealing with O. Moreover, including facing and escaping, causing a function at once can be called "Short-circuiting," and this and waiting and seeing can be looked upon as bipolar functions. We usually do not face or escape, or short-circuit but do wait and see in our daily lives. However, there are some imminent situations where we cannot wait and see. In addition, in the long run, we cannot timelessly wait and see.
    Facing is not the same as fighting, and escaping is not the same as running away. For example 1, it is confrontation for the people involved in a war to carry out dangerous running away for the sake of the safety in the future. In this case, it is facing the intentional function of running away. For example 2, it is sometimes confrontation for those who have conflicted for years to compromise. In this case, they sometimes have to face their own disgrace. For example 3, when negotiation is hard, we sometimes escape from it and fight physically. Thus, above all, facing is not identical with fighting. Please do not forget this.
    In addition, daring to wait and see in a seeming dangerous situation can sometimes be looked upon as facing. For example, while mothers take care of their baby with moderate love, around the age of six months, it becomes able to wait and see for a while without desperately crying out even if they have moderate thirst and hunger. This is looked upon as facing an intentional function of waiting and seeing and an important step toward independence.
    Anyway, in order to prevent overwork, animals, human beings included, cannot always face or short-circuit, and we sometimes need to escape, to wait and see, to rest, and to sleep. These books never say that we should always face something. They make it clear what we need to face.

TENDENCIES TO FACE OR ESCAPE

Moreover, depending on O, sometimes, facing or escaping become an outline of limited egos, the tendencies of the limited egos belonging to the outline are formed together, and those tendencies are formed with the outline made a unit. Such an outline can also be called Facing or Escaping. For example, escaping interpersonal relations, that is, interpersonal escape is an outline of limited egos, and its tendency is formed with such an outline made a unit. As was explained earlier, the interpersonal escape as an outline of intentional functions has some subgroups of, for example, (1) directly escaping interpersonal relations like pretending illness, (2) always causing superficial interpersonal functions, (3) always causing business-like interpersonal functions, and (4) always causing destructive and inhospitable interpersonal functions, and each of their abilities is separately formed. In contrast, the tendency of interpersonal escape as an outline of limited egos is formed together in a lump. Simply, there is no great difference between (1)(2)(3)(4) for egos.

FACING AND ESCAPING IMAGES

    Some images just recollected cause some pain. This is a displeasure feeling, which was explained in "EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES." For example, the self's immature abilities of interpersonal functions recollected as images cause pain like anxiety, self-hatred, and dishonor.
    As was explained in that book, it is hard or impossible for egos directly to bring farther or extinguish images which are being recollected. Therefore egos bring some images farther by taking some other images closer. This is a "switch" from some images to some other images. When some images which are being recollected cause intense pain, in order for egos to reduce that pain, what are switched to can be some images which do not cause any intense pain. In such a case, switching from (1) some images to (2) some other images can be called egos' Escape from or Escaping (from) (1). For example, when the self's immature ability of interpersonal functions is being recollected as images and when those images cause anxiety, self-hatred, and so forth, some egos switch to the images of some other abilities of theirs like intelligence, physical ability, or appearance which they think to be excellent or to those of some possessions like power, status, or money. This is escaping the images of the self's immature ability of interpersonal functions.
    In contrast, egos' not escaping from some images causing some pain but manipulating them or starting to thinking of them can be called egos' Facing or Confronting the images.
    However, when it is clear from context that what was faced or escaped is images, the word of images is sometimes omitted in these books. For example, if we need to face falling tendencies, we usually need to face their images, and so sometimes the word of images are omitted, and the words of "facing falling tendencies" will be used.
    When an ego faces some images, the confrontation with those images is recollected as the most complicated functional image. Simultaneously, the increase or maintenance of some pleasure or the decrease of some pain in the future is recollected as images, and some pleasure autonomic sensations like moderate palpitation and smooth respiration are caused in such a way as was explained in "EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES." For example, the future ease, cheers, and so forth caused by the formation of the self's ability of interpersonal functions are recollected as images. Therefore egos face the self's images though they temporarily cause pain.
    Facing or confronting images can also be called Mental Face or Confrontation, and escaping images can also be called Mental escape.

TENDENCIES TO FACE OR ESCAPE IMAGES

    Escaping the images of the properties of the self causing some pain is an outline of limited egos, and the tendency of that outline is formed together in a lump. For example, in those whose tendency to escape the images of the self's immaturity of the ability of interpersonal functions is intense, the tendency to escape the images of the self's tendencies falling into a vicious circle, which will be explained later, are intense, too.
    However, there is not as much difference between individuals in the tendency to escape images as in the other tendencies of egos. Simply, all of us try not to see the dark side of the self.
    Anyway, these books never say that human beings need to confront the self whatever it is. They try to narrow down to the minimum what we need to face.

TENDENCIES FALLING INTO A VICIOUS CIRCLE

SEMI-INSTINCTIVE FUNCTIONS

    Instinctive functions need to be explained a little more closely before explaining tendencies falling into a vicious circle. The functions which have the following properties can be called "Semi-Instinctive Functions."

(1) In human newborns, they are pure instinctive functions. That is, they are caused by some things other than egos, and their abilities and tendencies have been formed mainly innately.
(2) After delivery, as babies or infants grow, those abilities and tendencies reduce and almost disappear.
(3) In human adults, they are intentional functions. That is, they are caused by egos.

For example, adults' sucking milk is an intentional function, but newborns' doing it is an pure instinctive function, and it is a semi-instinctive function.
    In babies or infants, though the contents of egos are thin, the frames of egos, above all, the frames of emotional systems of egos are almost formed, and there are infantile egos as they are. In contrast, in them, the frames of perceptions, memories, and voluntary movements have not been formed enough. In such babies or infants, almost all that infantile egos can do is imitate their own semi-instinctive functions, and they imitate and piggyback some of them. Those semi-instinctive functions can be classified into some primordial outlines, which later become true outlines of (limited) egos. Such outlines include short-circuiting, being desperate, destroying anything, being sticky, showing off the self, and controlling anything.
    While such outlines are primordial outlines of instinctive functions, they are fit functions for genes, individuals, groups, and species to exist.
    Short-circuit includes small animals' running away or hiding instantly when they are assaulted by natural enemies, human newborns' crying instantly after delivery. Being sticky includes most animal children's dangling after and clinging to their parents. Showing off the self includes most animal children's attracting their parents' attention by chirping or crying. They are fit functions for genes, individuals, groups, and species to exist, and without them animals cannot exist.
    As for being desperate, destroying anything, and controlling anything, it is fit for genes, individuals, groups, and species to exist, depending on situations, to switch between offense and defense, waiting and seeing, control and submission, trusting, independence and dependence, and so forth. All the same, in the situations which seems to be vital and to be hard to overcome by any functions, animals sometimes become desperate and try to destroy and control anything. Such being desperate, destroying anything, and controlling anything can destroy the self, too. All the same, such instinctive functions sometimes lead to some miraculous survival and make natural enemies threatened even temporarily. Simply, it is better to be desperate than to die without doing anything. Also human babies, when their mothers' care is delayed, become desperate and destructive and try to control their mothers as if they were tyrants by crying more fiercely than any other animal babies.
    In the newborns of general animals, human beings included, the abilities and tendencies of instinctive functions are formed mainly innately by genes. Thereafter in general animals, those abilities and tendencies reduce as they grow. This reduction is also caused mainly innately by genes. The abilities and tendencies of semi-instinctive functions almost disappear as they grow. At least in human beings, some of those semi-instinctive functions are classified and recognized as primordial outlines of intentional functions. The infantile egos of babies or infants imitate and piggyback them, and the tendencies of the outlines of limited egos are formed more or less. Simply, human egos come to cause those functions intentionally, and they become intentional functions.

TENDENCIES FALLING INTO A VICIOUS CIRCLE

    The outlines of limited egos which have the following properties (1)(2)(3)(4) can be called "(the Outlines of) (Limited) Egos Falling (into a Vicious Circle)," and their tendencies can be called the Tendencies of (the Outlines of) (Limited) Egos Falling (into a Vicious Circle).

(1) The intentional functions caused by them temporarily reduce the self's pain or increase or maintain the self's pleasure emotions. However, in the long run, the intentional functions caused by them causes the self's and other persons' pain, above all, the self's mental pain intensely and continuously or continually.
(2) Their tendencies are together formed or reduced.
(3) They and their tendencies cause various kinds of vicious circles.
(4) They consist of the following (4-1)(4-2)(4-3).
(4-1) The outlines of limited egos whose tendencies are formed by infantile egos' imitating and piggybacking (primordial outlines of) instinctive functions mainly in the human beings in the baby and infant period, are reduced after such formation even in this period but do not disappear, and remain more or less also after this period and which have the above properties (1)(2)(3) can be called (the Outlines of)"Infantile (or Infant)" Egos Falling (into a Vicious Circle), and their tendencies can be called the Tendencies (of the Outlines) of Infantile (or Infant) Egos Falling (into a Vicious Circle).
(4-2) The Outlines of limited egos whose tendencies are formed by egos' coping with the self's images, the gap between the self's images and the world's, or the anxiety about the self's dying sooner or later mainly in the human beings in the postinfant and preadolescent period and which have the above properties (1)(2)(3) can be called (the Outlines of) "Preadolescent" Egos Falling (into a Vicious Circle), and their tendencies can be called the Tendencies (of the Outlines) of Preadolescent Egos Falling (into a Vicious Circle).
(4-3) The outlines of limited egos whose tendencies are formed by egos' coping with the tendencies of self's egos and the abilities of the self's intentional functions mainly in human beings in the adolescent period and which have the above properties (1)(2)(3) can be called (the Outlines of) "Adolescent" Egos Falling (into a Vicious Circle), and their tendencies can be called the Tendencies of (the Outlines of) Adolescent Egos Falling (into a Vicious Circle).

    Again, the outlines of limited egos which have the above properties (1)(2)(3)(4) can be called "(the Outlines of) (Limited) Egos Falling (into a Vicious Circle)," and their tendencies can be called the Tendencies of (the Outlines of) (Limited) Egos Falling (into a Vicious Circle). Moreover, the outlines of intentional functions caused directly by the outlines of egos falling into a vicious circle can be called (the Outlines of) Intentional Functions Falling (into a Vicious Circle).
    Moreover, egos falling into a vicious circle, intentional functions falling into a vicious circle, and the functions including egos, intentional functions, mental emotions, and recollections of images which have the property of (a) or (b) or (c) or (d) below and cause similar vicious circles can be called Functions Falling (into a Vicious Circle), and their tendencies can be called the Tendencies (of functions) Falling (into a Vicious Circle).

(a) They are caused directly or indirectly by egos falling into a vicious circle.
(b) Their tendencies or abilities are formed directly or indirectly by egos falling into a vicious circle.
(c) They directly or indirectly cause egos falling into a vicious circle.
(d) They form the tendencies of egos falling into a vicious circle.

    Moreover, functions falling into a vicious circle and tendencies falling into a vicious circle can be called (Functions and) Tendencies Falling (into a Vicious Circle). In addition, the matrix of falling tendencies can be called Tendencies (or Habit) Falling (into a Vicious Circle). In addition, those whose tendencies or abilities are formed mainly in the baby and infant period, in the postinfant and preadolescent period, or in the adolescent period can be called Infantile (or Infant), Preadolescent, or Adolescent ones respectively.
    Thus, the functions in falling functions can be not only egos but also intentional functions, mental emotions, or recollections of images. For example, the expansion of the gap between the self and the world is recollections of images, and the desire to make the self eternal is literally a desire, and desires are included in mental emotions. All the same, most falling functions are falling egos, and most falling tendencies are falling egos' tendencies. In short, the responsibility for falling tendencies lies with egos.
    For example, (the standard deviation value of) the infantile falling tendencies (or habit) of an individual is described as follows.

(the tendency to short-circuit, the tendency to be desperate, the tendency to destroy anything, the tendency to be sticky, the tendency to show off the self,...) = (67, 71, 58, 72, 62,...)

    It is mysterious for human beings in the postadolescent period why such falling tendencies as cause pain intensely and continuously or continually. This is because even human newborns or babies have infantile egos as they are, because falling functions frequently reduced their pain even though temporarily and faintly, because preadolescent and adolescent falling tendencies are formed on the basis of infantile falling tendencies, and because we cannot remember the events in the baby and infant period.

THE ACQUIRED FORMATION OF FALLING TENDENCIES

As was explained above, most falling functions are falling egos. In addition, as was explained in "EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES," egos' tendencies are formed mainly acquiredly. Therefore falling tendencies are formed mainly acquiredly. However, as was explained above, infantile falling tendencies are formed by infantile egos' imitating and piggybacking (primordial outlines of) instinctive functions. The tendencies of those instinctive functions imitated and piggybacked are formed mainly innately (by genes). Here it is probable that in newborns or babies whose tendencies of instinctive functions are large innately, infantile falling tendencies are intensely formed.
However, as was explained "EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES," the difference among individuals in the tendencies or abilities of functions including the tendencies of instinctive functions which are formed mainly innately is much smaller than that in those which are formed mainly acquiredly. Therefore there is little difference among individuals of the "formation" of infantile falling tendencies. What matters in infantile falling tendencies is not formation but "reduction." The difference among individuals of that reduction is large, and it is done mainly acquiredly. Therefore even infantile falling tendencies are formed mainly acquiredly, and falling tendencies in general are formed mainly acquiredly.

FALLING TENDENCIES' BEING FORMED TOGETHER

    Because of the following reasons, falling tendencies are formed together, that is, in those where some falling tendencies are found to be intense, the possibility is large that most of the other falling tendencies are intense.
    First, infantile falling tendencies are formed together because of the following reasons (1)(2). (1) Originally, infantile falling tendencies are formed by infantile egos' imitating and piggybacking (primordial outlines of) instinctive functions. As was explained earlier, the difference among individuals in the tendencies of those instinctive functions imitated and piggybacked is small. In other words, they all exist and function at least in all the newborns of human beings. (2) Though infantile falling tendencies reduce after that formation, the main external situation hindering that reduction is the same mothers' thinness of love and enclosure and the child's imitation of the same mothers.
    Second, also in and after postinfant and preadolescent period, infantile falling tendencies remain more or less, and most preadolescent, adolescent, and postadolescent falling tendencies are formed by egos' coping with infantile falling tendencies or their products. In addition, in most cases, the situation of (2) does not change drastically.
    Third, falling tendencies in general cause various vicious circles, most of those vicious circles form or enhance falling tendencies.
    Mainly on those grounds, falling tendencies are formed together in a lump.

THE UNIVERSALITY OF FALLING TENDENCIES

Moreover, on those ground, all human beings have falling tendencies more or less. It is not at all that what is called mental disorders only have them. It is no more than that some extreme cases of falling tendencies can be looked upon as some mental disorders. This book tries to explain not such extreme cases but such falling functions and tendencies as all human beings have. In addition, this book will make it clear that everybody needs to confront falling functions and tendencies. However, they will become easier to understand when a little heavier examples of them are enumerated, and so it will be done. Nonetheless, please do not forget that everybody has falling functions and tendencies and needs to confront them.
Now main falling functions and tendencies will be enumerated.

INFANTILE FALLING TENDENCIES

    Again, even in newborns, the frames of egos, above all, the frames of emotional systems of egos are almost formed, and they have infantile egos as they are. Such egos imitate and piggyback (primordial outlines of) instinctive functions, and the tendencies of instinctive egos (similar to instincts) causing instinctive intentional functions (similar to instinctive functions) are formed. Sooner or later, those egos become true outlines of egos, and the tendencies of those outlines of egos are formed. Temporarily, such tendencies can be said to be infantile falling tendencies.
    The reason why such tendencies are formed is that voluntary movements, perceptions, associations, and thinkings are not fully developed in newborns and that almost all that they can imitate is their own instinctive functions. However, the tendencies of instinctive functions are the largest in newborns and thereafter go on being reduced, and the ability of voluntary movements, perceptions, associations, and thinkings go on being formed. Then, the tendencies of instinctive egos causing instinctive intentional functions should also have been reduced. However, they are not easily reduced. Why?
    For the human babies or infants in the baby and infant period, mothers' love and care are vital, and their egos seek them. Out of instinctive intentional functions, being sticky and showing off the self are fit functions for seeking love, short-circuit, controlling anything, and destroying anything are fit functions for seeking care, and being desperate is fit functions for seeking the both. Therefore, even after the tendencies (of primordial outlines) of instinctive functions are reduced, the tendencies of instinctive egos causing instinctive intentional functions are not reduced but formed for a while. Anyway, they are no longer the tendencies of instinctive functions but the tendencies of complete egos. These can be said to be infantile falling tendencies more and more.
    All the same, also in infants, voluntary movements, perceptions, associations, thinkings go on developing, and they become able to imitate intentional functions other than instinctive ones. Simply, infants have more and more choices. For example, they have the choice of playing with some persons other than their mothers or playing alone. Then, when their mothers' love and care are sufficient, the egos of babies or infants cause some intentional functions other than instinctive ones, and the tendencies of outlines of egos other than instinctive ones go on being formed, and the tendencies of the outlines of instinctive egos go on being reduced.
    In contrast, when their mothers' love and care is thin, what happens? The necessity for their mothers' care comes small but is still large in the baby and infant period. The desire for their mothers' love is not reduced in this period. When their mothers' love and care is thin, the egos of babies or infants cannot help seeking mothers' love and going on causing the instinctive intentional functions which are fit for seeking mothers' love and care, and the tendencies of the outlines of instinctive egos are not reduced but formed. These are complete tendencies of egos, and can be said to be complete infantile falling tendencies.
    The egos and intentional functions whose tendencies or abilities are formed in the above ways become less and less similar to instincts or instinctive functions. They become, to put them better, human, original, and sophisticated, to put them worse, unnatural, artificial, and cunning. They often remain until postadolescent period. Above all, adults' being sticky and showing off the self are cunning.
    Moreover, there remain a potent primordial outline of instinctive functions and outline of instinctive intentional functions and egos. It is isolation. In newborns of general animals, it is not a fit function to go apart from their mothers or groups and to go independent or isolated. Gradually as they grow, they come independent or isolated. Children, who are bullied or battered in their groups, cannot help isolating themselves from their groups earlier than the other children. Such an isolating itself is the last instinctive function, as it were. In human babies or infants, when their mothers' love and care are thin, infantile egos as they are isolate themselves mentally, and the tendency of the outline of egos to isolate themselves is formed. What such isolation bring about will be explained later.
    Now let us look over the details of infantile falling tendencies.

SHORT-CIRCUIT

    The outlines of the instincts, instinctive egos, or egos which make animals instantly cause instinctive functions, instinctive intentional functions, intentional functions or the outlines of instinctive functions, instinctive intentional functions, or intentional functions caused by them can be called "Short-circuit" or Short-circuiting. The contrary is waiting and seeing.
    Short-circuit and waiting and seeing are fit instinctive functions for the genes, individuals, groups, and species of some animal species to exist. For example, the small animals like mice and squirrels could not exist if they did not run away instantly when attacked by carnivores. In addition, occasionally waiting and seeing is fit for animal genes, individuals, groups, and the species to exist. For example, small animals need to keep still for a while after they run away and hide themselves. In addition, some carnivores ambush.
    In animals, newborns short-circuit, and this is a fit instinctive function for them to exist. That is because sucking milk, keeping heat, and so forth are urgently necessary for them. Thereafter, they become able to wait and see step by step. This change and the result are also fit for them to exist. Also in human beings, a newborn cry and cry and short-circuit when it has pain, hunger, or thirst. This is an instinctive function. Otherwise, most mothers would have failed in nursing.
    Soon after delivery, infantile egos as they are imitate and piggyback short-circuit as an instinctive function, and the tendency (of the outlines) of instinctive egos starts to be formed.
    However, when their mothers takes care of them with love, even if care like feeding milk is delayed, they become able to wait and see for minutes around the age of 0.5, and the tendency to short-circuit starts to be reduced. Also thereafter, children experience the needlessness and disadvantages of short-circuiting and the necessity and advantages of waiting and seeing, bypassing, thinking, and so forth, and the tendency to short-circuit is reduced and the tendencies to wait and see, to by-pass, to think, and so forth are formed.
    In contrast, when mothers' love is thin and when their care is insufficient, infantile egos as they are go on short-circuiting and crying desperately, and the tendencies to short-circuit, to be desperate, and to destroy anything are often not reduced but formed. Furthermore, those tendencies which were not reduced are often retained until the postadolescent period.
    When the tendency to short-circuit is formed, egos only cause the intentional functions which are short-circuiting or those whose abilities have already been formed, above all, falling intentional functions. Therefore the abilities of other intentional functions and the tendencies of other egos' outlines are hardly formed, and falling tendencies are hardly reduced. This is also a vicious circle.
    In addition, when the tendency to short-circuit is formed, egos rarely intend to think, and the ability to think is not formed sufficiently. Then, if egos intend to think and behave themselves, those thinkings are superficial and poor, and those behaviors do not bring any good results. Then, egos give up thinkings in general and even beautify and justify short-circuit in general. Then, the ability to think is not formed, and the tendency to short-circuit is formed more and more. This is a vicious circle, too.
    However, some of the original products which short-circuit bring about are sometimes masterpieces by accident and the child is sometimes admired as a genius. Such admiration sometimes prompts the child to fall all the more into vicious circles.
    Such a short-circuit as has been explained in this section needs to be clearly distinguished from the short-circuit of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. While the main cause of the latter is functional and organic disorders of nervous system, that of the former is the process of formation of egos' tendencies in the baby and infant period. While the treatment of the latter is not established, the tendencies of the former is reduced by egos' facing or confronting the self's falling functions and tendencies, above all, facing the self's giving up thinkings and beautifying and justifying its short-circuit.

BEING DESPERATE

Being desperate as a (primordial outline of) instinctive function was explained earlier. It is the last resort for an animal pushed into a corner. Fortunately or unfortunately for human newborns, being desperate is no more than crying desperately. When their mothers' cares are delayed, human newborns or babies cry desperately. Thus, the tendencies (of outlines) of (instinctive) egos to be desperate is formed. These tendencies are reduced when their mothers take car of them with love and not reduced but formed when their mothers' love and care are thin.
Desperate intentional functions are also a fit means for the children or adults after the baby and infant period to get their arguments across. Such being desperate is sometimes (1) the extension of that whose tendency was formed in the baby and infant period and, sometimes (2) another outline of egos similar to being desperate. (2) is self-conservative. In contrast, (1) is self-destructive. What (1) brings will be explained below.

DESTROYING ANYTHING

    When animals suffer the attacks from animals of the same or different species or natural disasters, they protect themselves, fight back, run away, or hide themselves. Switching them depending on the situation is fit for genes, individuals, groups, and species to exist. All the same, when those functions are not effective, some animals go desperate and destroy anything. Such destruction sometimes involves the self as a result. Though its success rate is smaller than the functions enumerated above, being desperate and destroying anything are sometimes fit for the animals facing extreme danger to survive it and are usually the last resort.
    Destruction is directed toward the same species in human beings more often than in other animals. For example, battering, bullying, violence, war, slaughter, and so forth are included in destruction. Such large-scale destruction as war and slaughter is sometimes caused by the tendency of holders of political and ecomic powers to destroy anything.
    In addition, in human beings, destruction is sometimes directed toward the self intentionally. Not only suicide and self-harm but also anorexia, bulimia, drug abuse, and so forth overlap in much part with the destruction of the self. Destruction of the self is included in destroying anything in these books.
    Animal babies also go desperate and destroy anything. In human babies, destruction is not clear because their ability of voluntary movements has not be adequately formed yet. Though, practically, they cannot destroy anything, they cry and writhe, and try to destroy anything when their mothers' cares are delayed.
    Simultaneously, babies' infantile egos as they are imitate and piggyback destroying anything as a (primordial outline of) instinctive function, and the tendency (of outline) of (instinctive) egos goes on being formed. When a baby is taken care of with love by its mothers, around the age of 0.5, it becomes able to wait and see, do not destroy all things, and its tendency to destroy anything goes on being reduced.
    In contrast, when its mothers' care and love are not enough, it goes on short-circuiting, being desperate, and destroying anything, and egos' tendency to destroy anything is often not reduced but formed together with that to short-circuit and that to be desperate.
    Such destroying anything whose tendency was formed in the baby and infant period sometimes develops into "self-destruction," and forms the tendency of egos to destroying the self. This often materializes as wrist cutting, overdosing, and so forth in the adolescent period. In addition, it sometimes leads to or overlaps with drug dependence, eating disorder, and so forth. Why can the destroying anything whose tendency is formed in the baby and infant period develops into self-destruction. In the baby and infant period, the images of the self have not been generated yet, and there is no anxiety about or fear of the self's death. Therefore babies and infants who are short-circuiting, being desperate, and destroying anything do not fear the self's death. Also in the adolescent destruction developed from such infantile destruction, the anxiety about or fear of the self's death is not so intense. Therefore the destroying anything whose tendency was formed in the baby and infant period can develop into self-destruction.
    Moreover, the following enhances the tendency to destroy the self. In the preadolescent period, the self's images are generated, and the anxiety about or fear of the self's impending death and the anxiety about the self's dying sooner or later come to be caused. Sometimes in the individuals who underwent the extreme thinness of love and care like battering, neglect, and extreme isolation in the baby and infant period, by the destroying the complex images of the self which will be explained later, the self's images are not clearly generated, and the anxiety about or fear of the self's impending death and the anxiety about the self's dying sooner or later do not come to be intensely caused. Such individuals all the less fear the self's death, and egos' tendency to destroy the self goes intense.
    The outline of egos of destroying anything whose tendency is formed mainly in the baby and infant period thus and which is sometimes directed toward the self can be called "Infantile, Self-destructive Destruction."
    On the other hand, the tendency to destroy anything is formed also in and after the preadolescent period by children's imitation of seniors. For example 1, as is a pity, the children of destructive parents are often destructive. For example 2, as is also a pity, the children brought up in a violent group are often destructive. In those examples, children imitate the destructive intentional functions by their seniors. The destruction whose tendency is formed in and after preadolescent period is usually headed for not the self but others. This is because, in the period when its tendency is formed, the images of the self have already been generated and the anxiety about or fear of the self's impending death and the anxiety about the self's dying sooner or later are existing and functioning. Therefore such destroying anything can be looked upon as an outline of egos distinct from the infantile, self-destructive destruction explained above. Such an outline of egos can be called "Postinfantile Destruction Heading for Others."
    For other persons and the society, postinfantile destruction heading for others would matter more than infantile, self-destructive destruction does. However, there is a more serious problem. The both sometimes coexist. That is, it is probable that the tendency of infantile, self-destructive destruction is formed in the baby and infant period, and that that of postinfantile destruction heading for others is formed thereafter. Moreover, often in general, infantile falling tendencies, preadolescent falling tendencies, and adolescent falling tendencies are often formed together, and those outlines coexist. Above all, infantile, self-destructive destruction coexists with short-circuiting, being desperate, controlling anything, showing off the self, and being isolated. It is probable that some of the individuals where they coexist become tyrants, dictators, or slaughterers and bring about unnecessary wars, massacres, and so forth.
    In addition, mothers' and other persons' enclosure of children and children's destruction of that enclosure and rebellion against it in the adolescent period sometimes form the tendency of a new outline of destruction or enhance the tendency of infantile, self-destructive destruction or postinfantile destruction heading for others. Children need to rebel against enclosure and destroy it to some extent in order to win independence. However, when enclosure and the rebellion against it and the destruction of it are too intense and frequent, it leads to the following. Children always rebel and destroy and rarely cause other functions, and the tendencies of other outlines of egos and the abilities of other intentional functions are hardly formed. As a result, their independence is hindered.

BEING STICKY

    The primordial outline of instinctive functions, outline of instinctive intentional functions, or outline of intentional functions of not going apart from and not letting go some other individuals belonging to the same species can be called Being "Sticky," Stickiness, Sticking to or on them, Being Adhesive, Adhesiveness, Adhering to them, or Dangling to or about them. In addition, the primordial outline of instincts, outline of instinctive egos, or outline of egos causing it can also be called Being Sticky and so on. Human sticky egos intend not to come apart from and not to let go their mothers not only physically and but also mentally, and to acquire love.
    Newborns' being sticky is an outline of instinctive functions fit for animal babies to exist. They could not exist if they went apart from their parents. Most parents will not let go their newborns, and the latter will not go apart, either. For example, mammals' babies dangle about their parents even with crawling. In human babies, such dangling about is not clear because it takes months even for them to crawl. They cry and cry and call their mothers. They stick to their mothers through crying.
    (Primordial outlines of) instinctive functions and (outlines) of instinctive intentional functions in general are appropriate functions to acquire mothers' love and care. Above all, being sticky and showing off the self which will be explained later are fit for that. For mothers, while adults' being sticky and showing off the self look unlovable, their babies' often look lovable and stimulate their love.
    When babies or infants are taken care of by their mothers with love, their tendency (of outline of instinctive egos) to be sticky starts to be reduced, and is reduced substantially around the age of three. In contrast, if their mothers' love and care are thin, they cannot help going on seeking love and care and going on being sticky, and their tendency to be sticky is often not reduced but formed and remains even after the age of three. Furthermore, after the age of three when their interpersonal functions spread to persons other than their mothers, such children stick to general human beings. Such sticky children are often disliked and alienated, they cannot help seeking love and being sticky more and more, and their tendency to be sticky is formed more and more. Even if their absolute value of the tendency to be sticky is reduced to a degree, because that of the other children are rapidly reduced, their standard deviation value of that tendency are not reduced but increased, and they are outstandingly sticky in the interpersonal relations of the same age.
    In addition, the desire to seek love in itself is intensely formed. It can be called the "Desire for Love." Though it exists and functions in all higher mammals, human beings included, that which are formed with being sticky is fierce.
    Thus, mothers' thinness of love and care is the main external situation forming the tendency to be sticky. Mothers' being sticky and children's imitation of it also form sticky tendencies to a degree.
    Thereafter it is probable that being sticky heads for classmates and teachers in kindergartens and schools and for friends and boy or girl friends in communities, and later sometimes for colleagues, bosses, and staffs in offices and patners and children in homes. Thus, adults' being sticky sometimes head for even their children, and it is imitated by them. This is a vicious circle beyond generations. In addition, being sticky in and after the adolescent period is complicated and cunning. Such being sticky is often looked upon as involving others, manipulating others, or buying sympathy.
    Being sticky causes intense pain. First, when those who have the intense tendency to be sticky cannot stick to others, they cannot help feeling intense anxiety and solitude. Second, because they are often alienated by others, they cannot help feeling intense isolation and solitude. In order to reduce those pieces of pain, they cannot help sticking to others more and more, and the tendency to be sticky are formed more and more. This is a vicious circle, too.
    Moreover, in interpersonal relations, those who have the intense tendency to be sticky often cause sticky interpersonal functions and rarely cause those other than them. Therefore the tendencies of interpersonal egos and the ability of interpersonal intentional functions which is sticky is intensely formed, and those other than them are hardly formed. Simply they do not know various ways to get along with other persons. Also for this reason, they are alienated by others and cannot help feeling pain and being sticky more and more. This is a vicious circle, too.
    Those vicious circles are true of all falling tendencies, but it is true, above all, of short-circuiting, being desperate, destroying anything, being sticky, showing off the self, and controlling anything. Those explanations will sometimes be omitted from now on.

SHOWING OFF THE SELF

    Showing off the self to other animals of the same species excessively can be called "Showing Off the Self." In human beings, it includes putting on airs, boasting, talking too much about the self, talking too much about his or her past, talking the self exaggerated or fabricated, and even talking of the self's defects.
    Showing off the self is also a fit (primordial outline of) instinctive function for animal newborns to exist. That is because they could not exist if they did not attract their parents' attention and care. For example, the babies of cats, dogs, human beings, and so forth cry as if they attract their parents' attention. Sooner or later in human babies, the tendency (of the outline) of (instinctive) egos to show off the self starts to be formed in just the same way as the other infantile falling tendencies are.
    Adults sometimes feel that children are lovable. That is a natural feeling. In addition, they sometimes praise children frankly. Mothers all the more do so. Doing so overlaps with love. When babies or infants are loved and praised by their mothers thus, around the end of 3, with being satisfied with or weary of being loved and praised and its own showing off the self, they cause some interpersonal functions other than showing off the self to some persons including their mothers, and their tendency to show off the self goes on reducing.
    In contrast, when their mothers' love and praise are not enough, they cannot be satisfied with or weary of love and praise and their own showing off the self, they go on doing it, and the tendency to do it is not reduced but retained or formed. Thus, the main external situation forming the tendency to show off the self is the shortage of mothers' love and praise.
    The other ways for the tendency to show off the self to be formed, to cause various piece of pain, to fall into various vicious circles are much the same as those for being sticky. Here only what is particular to showing off the self will be explained. It is often not the real self but the self exaggerated and fabricated that are showed off to other persons. All the same, while showing off the self is repeated, the images of the real self are covered by those exaggerated and fabricated even if partly. As a result, the tendency to show off the self hinders egos from facing the real self and its falling tendencies. This is a vicious circle, too.

CONTROLLING ANYTHING

    An individual's trying indiscriminately to control all of the other individuals or the groups of the same species and their properties can be called its "Controlling anything." In human beings, it includes presiding over anything, even trifles included, rising somehow, expanding any territory, and monopolizing anything.
    By the way, in human beings, controlling anything, destroying anything, and so forth can be large-scaled like autocracy and genocide. Newborns or babies could not cause such control or destruction. In human newborns or babies, control and destruction are caused mainly in the manner of crying out.
    Switching between control, entrust, submission, non-submission, and resistance depending on situations is fit for animal genes, individuals, groups, and species to exist. However, such switching is a considerably complicated and sophisticated function. Trying to control anything is a simpler and easier function than that. The newborns and babies of human being also try to get care and love by controlling their mothers, and it is a fit instinctive function for them to exist. All that human newborns and babies need to do to control their mothers is cry out. Thereafter, in the same way as the other infantile falling tendencies do, the primordial outline of instinctive functions to control anything becomes an outline of instinctive egos, and then becomes an outline of true egos.
    In human beings, when a baby or infant is taken care of by its mothers with love, it does not need to control anything, it causes some other interpersonal functions like entrusting something to others or sometimes submitting itself to others, and its tendency to control anything starts to reduce. That is, though this is true of all infantile falling tendencies, the tendency to control anything, above all, are reduced by the unnecessity for babies or infants to do so.
    In contrast, when their mothers care and love are not enough, infants go on controlling anything, and their tendencies to do so are not reduced but formed. Thus, the main external situation forming the tendency to control anything is mothers' thinness of love and care.
    However, in the postadolescent period, those who have gained political and economic powers and are able to control others will try to gain them more and more and try to control anything more and more. Thus, the tendency to control anything can be formed also in the postadolescent period.
    However, in almost the same way as destroying anything is, controlling anything is divided into the following three groups.

first,
(1) controlling anything whose tendency is formed in the baby and infant period and
(2) controlling anything whose tendency is formed mainly in the postadolescent period

can be distinguished. (1) accompanies the other infantile falling functions like short-circuiting, being desperate, being sticky, destroying anything, and showing off the self more or less. In contrast, (2) does not accompany intense infantile falling functions, is cunning and deceptive, and is even able to hide the self's tendency to control anything or that to destroy anything.
    Moreover, there is

(3) controlling anything with (1) and (2)'s co-existing or that which make (1) a foundation and which is enhanced by (2).

(3) accompanies infantile falling functions and is cunning and deceptive. Therefore (3) is the most dreadful. In addition, (1) and (3) often accompany the intense desire to make the self eternal. Those who have that desire and the intense tendency of (3) tend to get political and economic powers, to control the people, and to endeavor to perform something great that remains in history, and after all, they sometimes bring about autocracy, oppression, war, and so forth.
    In addition, those whose tendencies of (1)(2)(3) are intense, when they cannot get powers in the society, sometimes become what are called "lions at home and mice abroad," try to control homes, bring about the enclosure of their children and partners, domestic violence, and so forth.
    By the way, there is no gender difference in such a tendency at home. Concerning the tendency of (1)(2)(3) in the society, there will be no gender difference if they are given equal opportunities to participate in the society. The main cause that men have occupied most of the tyrants or autocrats in history is that most of the opportunities to acquire political and economic powers and to hone the ability to acquire them have been given to men.

SIMPLISTIC, ONE-WAY DEPENDENCE, SEEKING CARE, AND SEEKING LOVE

Most aspects of (1) dependence, (2) seeking care, and (3) seeking love or (4) the complex of (1)(2) or (5) the complex of (1)(2)(3) are not falling tendencies. The aspect of each of (1)(2)(3)(4)(5) which are simplistic and one-way ((1')(2')(3')(4')(5')) is an outline of infantile falling egos.
(1')(2')(4') are outlines of instinctive functions found in most animals, human newborns or babies included. In human being, (1')(2')(3')(4')(5') can be primordial outlines of instinctive functions and can become outlines of instinctive egos and outlines of true egos. When their mothers take care of them with love, babies or infants are satisfied with or weary of (1')(2')(3')(4')(5') and their outcomes and cause (1)(2)(3)(4)(5) which are complicated and reciprocal and interpersonal functions other than (1)(2)(3)(4)(5), and the tendency of (1')(2')(3')(4')(5') is reduced. Otherwise, the tendency of (1')(2')(3')(4')(5') are formed. Such outlines of (1')(2')(3')(4')(5') as remained even into adulthood is looked upon as short-circuiting and being selfish by other persons.

NARCISSISM

    At the final stage, egos' trying to love and praise the self can be called "Narcissism." However, in infants in the baby and infant period, the clear images of the self have not been generated yet, and so the narcissism in that sense is faint. However, even babies or infants in the baby and infant period can seek other persons' love and praise of them. Temporarily, egos' seeking other persons' love and praise can be called "Infantile" Narcissism.
    In the baby and infant period, when children are loved and praised by their mothers and others, they get satisfied with or weary of being loved and praised and come to love and praise other persons or things, and the tendency of egos to seek other persons' love and praise starts to reduce. Otherwise, that tendency is not reduced but formed. Simply, if they are not loved and praised, infants cannot help seeking love and praise more and more. The thinness of mothers' love and praise is the main cause to form the tendencies of infantile narcissism.
    In order to acquire other persons' love and praise, infants need to be sticky and to show off the self more and more, and so infantile narcissism enhance those infantile falling tendencies.
    In the postinfant and preadolescent period, after the self's images are generated, the tendency of the narcissism in a common sense, that is, the tendency for egos to try to love and praise the self are formed more or less in every child. If it feels that it is not loved or praised by anybody, it cannot help loving and praising the self for itself, and the intense tendency of narcissism are formed. In addition, in the children where the intense tendency of infantile narcissism were formed, intense narcissism are formed. This is because if they were commonly loved and praised, those common love and praise are not enough. That is, it is infantile narcissism that are decisive for narcissism. Therefore narcissism is included in infantile falling functions and tendencies in these books.
    Sometimes, narcissism leads to playing alone and playing with images like daydreaming, and enhance the tendency to isolate oneself.
    In the postinfant and preadolescent period, narcissism enhances the tendencies of preadolescent falling functions like the self's going fat, the beautification of the self, the anxiety about the self's dying sooner or later, and the desire to make the self eternal.
    In and after the adolescent period, narcissism functions as follows. When the real self are recognized by chance, because egos are not accustomed to recognizing it, fierce anxiety and self-hatred are caused, and after all, intense narcissism alternates with fierce anxiety and self-hatred. In addition, when love and praise of others are caused, because egos are not accustomed to them, they can became fierce, and after all, intense narcissism alternates with fierce love and praise of others. Thus, intense narcissism alternates with its seeming opposites and is unstable.

DESTROYING COMPLEX IMAGES

    In human beings, when something recollected as complex images cause displeasure feelings like anxiety, fear, self-hatred, shame, dishonor, and so forth, the comparatively mature egos in and after the postinfant and preadolescent period switch from those images causing intense pain to some other images causing little pain. This can be called Escaping the Images. It is included in manipulations of images. However, in the human beings in the baby and infant period, the ability of manipulations of images and thinkings is immature, and so they cannot perform such an escape well. Therefore the egos of the babies or infants where some images cause severe pain destroy them at random. For example, the images of mothers' battering cause anxiety and fear, and they destroy such images. Moreover, the self's images are being vaguely generated in the children in the baby and infant period, and it is probable that they destroy even the self's images causing intense pain. For example, they destroy the self's images which are battered or neglected. Such destruction is different from dissolution which mature egos can perform and where images can be restored. As a result, some of the complex images, the self's images, recollections of images, associations, mental emotions, egos, and thinkings sometimes become what cannot be understood for general human beings and even for psychologists or psychiatrists. Destroying images causing pain at random and what is brought about by it can be called "Destroying (Complex) Images" or Destructions of (Complex) Images.
    The tendency to destroy complex images is usually formed by the extremes of mothers' thinness of love like battering and neglect.
    It is probable that some destructions of images develop into the "dissociation" in what is called dissociative disorder including multiple personalities where more than one distinct image of the self is generated and the "split" in what is called borderline personality disorder.

DAY DREAMS

    As was explained above, infantile egos cannot perform complicated manipulations of images like switching, escaping, constructing and resolving images. All the same, they can perform simple manipulations. Rather, because their ability of voluntary movements is immature, they play alone with simple manipulations of images. Then they would be able to kill time. All the same, their ability to manipulate images or to think is gradually formed, and they come to be able to construct imaginary worlds in things appearing as images. Constructing imaginary worlds in things appearing as images while awake can be called Having "Day Dreams."
    The babies and infants who are not loved or taken care of by their mothers or who are battered or ignored in extreme cases and who cannot enjoy themselves in the outer world cannot help enjoying themselves in day dreams.
    Of course, even adults sometimes have day dreams. All the same, in most adults, they can easily recognize that the contents of day dreams are not real things, and they can come back to the real world comparatively easily after they wake up from them. In contrast, infants cannot do those so easily.
    It is possible that having day dreams enhances the tendency to isolate oneself. Therefore the intense tendency to have day dreams is included in (infantile) falling tendencies in these books.
    However it is not that all day dreams are harmful. Some day dreams heighten the abilities of imagination and creation.

INTERNAL CONSOLATION

    When outer situations are painful and hard to improve, we cannot help trying to reduce at least mental pain in internal situations like associations, mental emotions, manipulations of images, and thinkings. Reducing mental pain in internal situations can be called "Internal Consolation" or consoling oneself internally. The following is one of its examples often found in adults. In an enterprise of the company which you work with, when your plan which you believed was best is not adopted, you will think something like "it is OK if I just get paid. I will save that plan for the time when I start self-employment." Having day dreams and destructions of images explained earlier are two outlines of internal consolation. Narcissism explained earlier overlaps with internal consolation. Escaping and patching up falling tendencies which will be explained later is one outline of internal consolation. A large part of a religion is composed of some outlines of internal consolation.
    If internal consolation is caused too frequently, the tendencies of egos and the abilities of intentional functions to cope with outer situations are not formed and stay immature. Such internal consolation can be included in falling tendencies.
    When a piece of internal consolation fails, that is, the original mental pain that egos intended to reduce is not reduced, the mental pain like regret is caused. In order to reduce such a kind of mental pain, egos intend to cause a new piece of internal consolation. However, it, too, often fails, and a new piece of regret is caused. The same are often repeated. Then those pieces of mental pain of regret last longer than the original pain. Such a series of pieces of internal consolation can also be included in falling tendencies. For example, when an adult is preparing to travel during the holidays, in order to make that travel enjoyable, he or she will try to leave as few concerns as possible. However, if some concerns break out from homes or offices, she cannot help feeling regretful. Such feeling is also pain. Then she tries to cause a new piece of internal consolation, it, too, often fails, and the same are repeated. After all it is probable that that travel is unenjoyable. In order to break such a series of regrets in such a series of pieces of internal consolation, it is best that we accept the original pain.

ISOLATING ONESELF

    Going apart from their groups like herd, flock, home, and society is not a fit instinctive function for animal newborns or babies to exist. All the same, when an individual is destroyed, attacked, or alienated in its group and when it has been grown to a degree, going apart from such a group is sometimes a fit instinctive function for it to exist than staying in it. Therefore it is possible that in some species of animals, there exist and function some genes causing the instinctive functions of isolating themselves from their groups, that is, "Genes for Isolation." All the same, it is certain that, also in such individuals, the genes causing the instinctive functions of sexual ones are usually active and even individuals isolating themselves usually cause sexual functions. That is, even individuals isolating themselves are not sexuality isolated. Otherwise, "genes for isolation" could not exist.
    In human beings, it is possible that isolating oneself is a primordial outline of instinctive functions. However, it is not physically but mentally that the human beings in the baby and infant period can isolate themselves, and such infants' isolating themselves is an outline of true egos. In short, infants isolate themselves intentionally. A little more in detail, in human beings, physical independence or isolation are much later than in the other animals. In contrast, in human infants, internal consolation including day dreams and destructions of images explained above is possible, and so mental independence or isolation is possible to a degree. For example, though infants a little grown up can play alone physically with toys, before that, even if they cannot physically play alone, they can mentally play with images in day dreams.
    In human beings, when their mothers' love is thin, children isolate themselves mentally, and the tendency of egos to do so is intensely formed. If there are extreme examples of the thinness of love like battering and neglect, that tendency is formed more intensely.
    Isolation prompts the formation of preadolescent falling tendencies in the way which will be explained later. All the same, the tendency to isolate oneself is formed in the latter half of the baby and infant period. Therefore the tendency to isolate oneself is included in infantile falling tendencies in these books.

MOTHERS' FALLING TENDENCIES, THINNESS OF LOVE, AND ENCLOSURE OF CHILDREN AND CHILDREN'S IMITATION OF MOTHERS' FALLING FUNCTIONS

    In being sticky, showing off the self, controlling anything, and narcissism, the love of the self is intense, and that of others is thin. In destroying anything, hatred is intense, and love is thin. Therefore, when those who have intense falling tendencies become mothers, their love of children is often thin.
    In addition, those who have intense falling tendencies have various desires' dissatisfaction mainly because they are isolated and alienated. Then, if those who have intense falling tendencies become mothers, they often try to satisfy those unsatisfied desires by enclosing their children, as was explained earlier. In such enclosures, the desires which mothers try to satisfy are different from love, and as a result, their love of their children is thin.
    In addition, even for babies or infants, enclosure is unpleasant and does enhance some infantile tendencies to destroy anything, control anything, to isolate themselves, and so forth in order to destroy or escape enclosure.
    In addition, even babies or infants in the baby and infant period imitate familiar persons' functions. Though it is hard for them to imitate the falling functions like escaping and patching up falling tendencies whose tendencies will be formed in and after the postinfant and preadolescent period, it is easy for them to imitate infantile falling functions of their seniors like being sticky and showing off the self. Above all, mothers' are imitated. After all, children imitate seniors' falling functions from the baby and infant period to the adolescent period, and they imitate those particular to each period.
    In addition, originally, most infantile falling tendencies are formed by infantile egos' imitating and piggybacking (primordial outlines of) instinctive functions.
    On those grounds, the internal situation forming infantile falling tendencies are

(0) The primordial outlines of instinctive functions imitated and piggybacked by babies and infants,

and the external situations forming them are

(1) their mothers' thinness of love and care,
(2) their mothers' enclosure of them, and
(3) the falling functions of their mothers imitated by them.

Now, though the tendencies of (0) are formed mainly innately by genes, (1)(2)(3) form infantile falling tendencies mainly acquiredly. However, the difference in the tendencies of (0) among individuals are small. In addition, the tendency of the outlines of instinctive egos are formed by babies and infants' imitating and piggybacking those instinctive functions. If their mothers take care of them with love, those tendencies are reduced. It is (1)(2)(3) that hinder such reduction. Those tendencies of the outlines of egos which are not reduced in such a way are the very infantile falling tendencies. Therefore even infantile falling tendencies are formed mainly acquiredly.
    In addition, on those grounds, the possibility of children's having intense infantile falling tendencies are large when their mothers have intense falling tendencies. This can be called a Vicious Circle "beyond Generations." All the same, this vicious circle, too, are brought about not innately by genes but mainly acquiredly by infantile egos of babies or infants and their mothers and others.
    However, (0)(1)(2)(3) are the causes of INFANTILE falling tendencies and not those of falling tendencies in general. Please read this book to the end.

GENERATION OF THE SELF'S IMAGES

The self was defined in "EXISTENCE AND LIBERTY." In human beings, the self is recollected as complex images consisting of the images of the past, present, and future bodies, emotions, recollections of images, associations, intentional functions, egos, thinkings, their abilities or tendencies, the ideas as their products, and so forth. In human beings, though the self's images are vaguely generated in the baby and infant period, they are generated clearly enough for them to be able to recognize the self's temporal limitation in the beginning of the postinfant and preadolescent period, that is, around the age of 4.

THE ANXIETY ABOUT THE SELF'S DYING SOONER OR LATER

In a while after the generation of the self's image, the temporal limitation of the self, that is, the self's dying sooner or later are recognized, and the anxiety about the self's dying sooner or later comes to be caused. After the self's images are generated, trying to reduce that anxiety become an aspect of our life. The decisive way to reduce that anxiety was explained in "EXISTENCE AND LIBERTY."

ATTEMPTS TO MAKE THE SELF ETERNAL

The anxiety about the self's dying sooner or later causes some egos, desires, and intentional functions to make the self eternal somehow. Such egos and desires can be called the "Desire to Make the Self Eternal," and such egos and intentional functions can be called "Attempts to Make the Self Eternal."
Some attempts to make the self eternal overlap with love. That is because love involves other persons, is what is made together with others, and seems to transcend the self. In addition, some of them often overlap with religions. Those examples will not need to be enumerated. In addition, the desire to make the self eternal sometimes enhances some infantile falling tendencies like the tendencies to show off the self and to be narcissistic. In addition, it enhances the desire for power. Some of those who have intense tendencies of the desire to make the self eternal and the above tendencies enhanced by it try to leave something great in history and, as a result, lose themselves in struggles for powers, hold and wield political and economic powers, and, as a result, cause autocracy, totalitarianism, massacres, great wars, and so forth. This will be explained in detail later.

EXPANSION OF GAPS BETWEEN THE SELF AND THE WORLD

    In images, there is a gap between the images of the self and those of the things other than the self. Such a gap can be called the "Gap between the Self and the World." The self's images are composed of the images of things appearing as mental phenomena and those of the self's body included in things in themselves and are contorted and vague. In contrast, the world' images are composed mainly of the images of things in themselves and are relatively clear. Therefore there cannot help being a gap between the self's images and the world's images, and there is such a gap in every human individual.
    When a baby or infant is not much isolated, because such a gap is filled with the images of its mothers, some other persons, pets, toys, and so forth, such a gap is narrow. In contrast, in the individuals who deeply isolated themselves in the baby and infant period, such gaps are expanded. While the falling tendencies which have been explained are mainly egos' tendencies, such expansion is the tendency of recollections of images. All the same, such gaps as are extended thus is included in preadolescent falling tendencies in these books.
    When the gap between the self and the world is expanded, the anxiety about the self's dying sooner or later goes intense, and the tendencies of the desire and attempt to make the self eternal are intensely formed. This is because most of the ways to transcend that anxiety is usually to unify the self and the world and because it is hard to unify them when that gap is expanded. This is also a vicious circle.

FALLING TENDENCIES INVOLVING THE SOCIETY

Moreover, the expansion of the gap between the self and the world, the intense anxiety about the self's dying sooner or later, and the intense tendencies of the desire and attempt to make the self eternal enhance some infantile falling tendencies like the tendencies to show off the self, to be narcissistic, and to control anything. Furthermore, those tendencies, together in a lump, sometimes lead to the following. Those who have those intense tendencies sometimes try to do something great and leave their glory and achievement in history. In order to do something great, they must control the people. In order to control the people, they must acquire political and economic powers. In order to acquire them, they must win struggles for powers. Then the intense desire for powers are formed. As a result, they lose themselves in the struggle for powers. If they acquire political and economic powers, as a result, some of them violate liberal rights, social rights, political rights, democratic systems, separations of powers, the rule of law, and the right to exist in general, and run wildly to autocracy, massacres, great wars, the research, development, hold of totally destructive means, and so forth. Such tendencies can be called Tendencies Falling (into a vicious circle) to "Involve the Society." They are explained in detail in "EXISTENCE AND LIBERTY." They are called "Autocrat-Type Falling Tendencies" in that book. Reducing those falling tendencies is also one of the ways to make existence and liberty compatible.

THE SELF'S GOING FAT

When children were isolated in the baby and infant period, the gap between the self and the world is expanded. Furthermore in the postinfant and preadolescent period, it is often filled with the images of the self. This is because the images of the things other than the self's are scarce because of isolation. As a result, the self's image simply goes fat. This can be called the "Self's Going Fat."
The self's going fat overlaps in a large part with the beautification of the self which will be explained below.

BEAUTIFICATION OF THE SELF

Not only egos' filling the gap between the self and the world with the self's beautified images but also egos' covering the self's images which are already generated with the self's beautified images can be called Beautification of the Self('s Image) or Beautifying the Self('s Image). Mainly with narcissism, the egos in the postinfant and preadolescent period intend to beautify the self's image. For example, they beautify the self as a pitiful but beautiful one who is not loved by and is alienated from their mother and general human beings. Such beautification also hinders egos from facing the self's tendencies falling into a vicious circle. This is a vicious circle, too.

ORIGINAL GODS

    Even without the input of outer religions, in children in the postinfant and preadolescent period where the images of the self and the world are generated, the images of those who transcend the real world and the self and are able to perform miracles can be generated. Such can be called "Original Gods (or Transcenders)." With the input of outer religions, those original gods are replaced or modified by or overlapped or unified with the ready-made gods or transcenders proposed by those religions. For example, though all the surfaces and some cores of the fairies believed in by children are replaced by ready-made ones in fairy tales, some other cores can be original ones.
    Even if we have killed gods, these gods are ready-made gods proposed by religions, and we have not killed our original gods, have we? We need to take this into consideration, don't we?
    Anyway, if the recollections of the images of ready-made or original gods prompt some falling tendencies like those to isolate oneself, to console oneself internally, to be narcissistic, to show off the self, and to control anything or hinder egos from confronting the self's falling tendencies, the tendencies of the recollections of the images of those gods are included in falling tendencies.

PREADOLESCENT FALLING FUNCTIONS AND TENDENCIES

Those are Preadolescent Functions and Tendencies Falling (into a Vicious circle). Those tendencies are formed intensely by the expansion of the gap between the self's images and the world's. That gap in turn is expanded by the tendency to isolate themselves formed in the baby and infant period. Therefore intense infantile falling tendencies and intense preadolescent ones often co-exist in the same individuals.
The following are adolescent falling functions and tendencies, and intense adolescent ones, too, often co-exist with intense infantile and intense preadolescent ones.

IMMATURITY OF THE ABILITY OF INTERPERSONAL FUNCTIONS

    When children are alienated and cannot help isolating themselves or when the tendency to isolate themselves is formed and when egos intentionally isolate themselves, egos rarely cause interpersonal functions, and the ability of interpersonal functions, which are intentional functions, is hardly formed and stay immature. The ability of interpersonal functions as intentional functions can also be called Interpersonal Abilities. For example, for not only children but also adults, after they have cloistered themselves for months, interpersonal functions will not go well.
    From the beginning, often, because children were alienated, battered, or ignored more or less before they isolate themselves, interpersonal anxiety have gotten intense. Moreover, the more children isolate themselves, the more intense interpersonal anxiety gets, the less they cause interpersonal functions, and the more steadily interpersonal abilities stay immature.
    In addition, when falling tendencies are formed, egos often cause falling interpersonal functions like being sticky and showing off the self. Then, while the ability of falling interpersonal functions are formed, interpersonal abilities in general stay immature. For example, when a person always resorts to interpersonal functions like controlling and destroying anything, the ability of cooperative ones included, interpersonal abilities in general stay immature.
    In addition, those who have intense falling tendencies and often cause falling interpersonal functions are often alienated and isolated, their interpersonal abilities stay immature.
    Those are vicious circles, too. Above all, the tendencies to escape interpersonal relations and to patch up the immaturity of interpersonal abilities which will be explained later make interpersonal abilities stay immature.
    In contrast, when falling tendencies of egos are reduced, interpersonal abilities are formed unexpectedly quickly. After all, falling tendencies are more serious than the immaturity of interpersonal abilities.

ESCAPING INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS

    When falling tendencies are formed, when interpersonal abilities are immature, and when interpersonal anxiety is intense, if such egos cause interpersonal functions, intense pain is caused. Therefore such egos escape interpersonal relations continuously and continually, and the tendency to escape interpersonal relations is formed. That tendency is formed in the baby and infant period for the fist time, and thereafter it fluctuates. However, it is often formed intensely and fixed in the adolescent period.
    In addition, the egos in the adolescent period escape interpersonal functions not simply but complicatedly. For example 1, they escape deep interpersonal relations and only enter superficial ones. For example 2, they show off their destructive appearances and create an atmosphere that makes it difficult for other persons to approach them. That is, not only do they escape other persons but also they make others escape them. Such interpersonal functions overlap with patching up the immaturity of interpersonal abilities which will be explained later. In the adolescent period, such complicated escapes of interpersonal relations are caused, and such complicated tendency to escape them is formed. In addition, not only limited egos' outlines' tendency to escape them but also the abilities of intentional functions of interpersonal functions to escape them are formed. Shortly, it is cunningly that adolescent and postadolescent egos escape interpersonal relations.
    Because egos escape interpersonal relations continuously and continually thus, the abilities of interpersonal functions stay immature more and more steadily. This is a vicious circle, too.
    On those grounds, escaping interpersonal relations is included in falling functions, and the tendency to escape them is included in falling tendencies. In addition, the following, too, are included in falling functions and tendencies.

PATCHING UP THE IMMATURITY OF INTERPERSONAL ABILITIES

    The egos in and after the adolescent period not only escape interpersonal relations but also patch up the immaturity of their own interpersonal abilities. For example, they patch them up by showing off their status, power, money, appearance, and so forth. Though young men and women in the adolescent period do not have their own status, power, and money, they can show off their parents' and their own appearance. Appearance, looks, and the like are good means to patch up various things in the very adolescent period. In addition, adults in the postadolescent period often patch up various things by showing off their own positions, powers, and money.
    Such patching up sometimes enhances the tendencies to show off the self, to be narcissistic, and to beautify the self explained earlier, and vice versa.
    Though such patching up is rarely seen through completely by other persons, it often causes displeasure feelings to others somehow. Also for this reason, those patching up are often alienated, and their interpersonal abilities stay immature more and more steadily.

PATCHING UP FALLING TENDENCIES

    In addition, in the external situations of interpersonal relations, when they think that the self's falling functions and tendencies are found by other persons, because it causes the pain like shame, egos hide and patch up them. That is, it is not only the immaturity of interpersonal abilities but also falling functions and tendencies in general that egos in and after the adolescent period patch up. Such intentional functions or egos can be called "Patching Up" Falling Tendencies or Intentional Functions or Egos or Functions Patching Up Falling Tendencies.
    For example 1, it causes the pain of shame to think that some other persons know that egos went on seeking mothers' love and went on being sticky or showing off the self and that the tendencies to be sticky and to show off the self were formed. Therefore egos in and after the adolescent period try to behave themselves lightly and modestly, which seems to be the opposite of being sticky or showing off the self. All the same, because those tendencies are alive, they are sticky and show off the self while patching up. Though this is found about all human beings, those who have the intense tendency to patch up are often looked upon as queer persons by others.
    While those are repeated, the tendency for (limited) egos(' outline) to patch up the self's falling functions and tendencies. That can be called Tendency to Patch Up Falling Tendencies. In addition, while those are repeated, the ability of interpersonal functions of patching up falling tendencies is formed. In short, patching up becomes cunning.
    When the tendency to patch up falling tendencies are large, functions patching up are almost always caused, interpersonal functions other than them are rarely caused, and egos' tendencies and interpersonal functions' abilities other than those to patch up are not formed. For example, even the tendency and ability to frankly talk with other persons are not formed.
    On those grounds, patching up falling tendencies is included in falling functions, and its tendency is included in falling tendencies.
    The interpersonal functions which patch up falling tendencies by causing interpersonal functions which are extremely opposite to falling interpersonal functions can be called "Opposite Representations." For example, some persons who were disliked by others as sticky and sober sometimes behave themselves overly light-minded. Opposite representations often bring misunderstanding. That is because few people can see that it is an opposite representation on the basis of falling tendencies.
    The tendency to patch up falling tendencies are mainly formed in the adolescent period.

ESCAPING FALLING TENDENCIES' IMAGES

    The above are egos' coping with the self's falling functions and tendencies in the external situations of interpersonal relations. In contrast, the following are egos' coping with the images of the self's falling functions and tendencies in the internal situations of recollections of images.
    When the self's falling functions and tendencies are recollected as images, those images cause intense mental pain like anxiety, self-hatred, shame, and the like. For example 1, when it is associated that, because of not being loved by my mother, egos sought her love forever and that the tendency to be sticky was formed in the baby and infant period, it causes intense shame and self-hatred. For example 2, when it is associated that the anxiety about the self's dying sooner or later horrified egos in the postinfant and preadolescent period, that egos attempted to make the self eternal, and that egos are trying to do something glorious and historic, it causes intense shame and self-hatred and sometimes revives that anxiety. Therefore egos often escape the self's falling functions and tendencies recollected as images by means of switching of images as was explained in "EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES." Escaping the self's falling functions and tendencies recollected as images can be called Escaping Falling Tendencies(' Images), Escaping Falling Tendencies (Recollected as Images), Escapes from Falling Tendencies(' Images), or Escapes from Falling Tendencies (Recollected as Images).
    Because escaping falling tendencies recollected as images reduces such pain as was enumerated above temporarily, egos do so again and again, and the tendency of limited egos' outline to do so are formed. Such a tendency can be called the Tendency to Escape Falling Tendencies(' Images) or the Tendency to Escape Falling Tendencies (Recollected as Images).
    When the tendency to escape falling tendencies is large and when egos escapes falling functions and tendencies every time they are recollected as images, egos cannot face them, and the self's falling tendencies in general are not reduced. That is, the tendency to escape falling tendencies directly hinder egos from facing them and hinder falling tendencies from being reduced. Therefore escaping falling tendencies is included in falling functions, and the tendency to escape falling tendencies is included in falling tendencies. Far from that, they are the most vicious cycles and are the most vital of all falling functions and tendencies.
    When compared with the time of the formation of the tendency to patching up falling tendencies explained above, the time of the formation of the tendency to escape falling tendencies' images fluctuates. However, they are formed mainly in the adolescent period. Therefore it is included in adolescent falling tendencies in these books.

PATCHING UP FALLING TENDENCIES' IMAGES

    In contrast to patching up the self's falling functions and tendencies in external situations of interpersonal relations explained earlier, there is such patching up the images of the self's falling functions and tendencies as follows in internal situations of recollections of images. In addition, in contrast to escaping them explained above, there is patching up them, which is a little more complicated than escaping.
    Because falling functions and tendencies, when they are recollected as images, cause intense pain like anxiety, self-hatred, and so forth, the egos in and after the adolescent period, mainly in the adolescent period, not only escape but also patch up the self's falling functions and tendencies recollected as images. This can be called Patching Up Falling Tendencies(' Images), Patching Up Falling Tendencies (Recollected as Images), or the like. In addition, its tendency can be called the Tendency to Patch Up Falling Tendencies(' Images) or the Tendency to Patch Up Falling Tendencies (Recollected as Images) or the like.
    For example 1, the girls, boys, women, and men who have confidence in their looks sometimes cover the images of their falling functions and tendencies with those of the self having such looks. Not that excellent looks are harmful in general, but that they are so if they are made use of thus. For example 2, those who have status, power, or money often cover the images of their falling functions and tendencies with those of the self having such things.

ESCAPING AND PATCHING UP FALLING TENDENCIES' IMAGES

The cause and effect (hindering egos from facing falling tendencies) of escaping falling tendencies' images and patching up them are the same. Therefore they can be called Escaping and Patching Up Falling Tendencies(' Images) or the like in a lump. In addition, the tendency to do so can be called the Tendency to Escape and Patch Up Falling Tendencies(' Images) or the like in a lump.
Escaping and patching up falling tendency is included in (adolescent) falling functions, and the tendency to escape and patch up falling tendencies is included in (adolescent) falling tendencies. Far from that, they are the most vicious circle, and they are the most vital of all falling functions and tendencies.

ENHANCING THE SELF'S IMAGES AS THE PERSECUTED AND REACTION OR REVENGE

    Those who have intense falling tendencies are often alienated and isolated, and they sometimes attribute the causes of such alienation and isolation only to some other persons, general human beings, or the society.
    If they enhance the self's images as the persecuted and cover their falling functions and tendencies with them, such enhancement and cover is patching up falling tendencies' images explained above and included in falling functions.
    If the self's images as the persecuted are enhanced more intensely than to the degree enough to patch up their falling tendencies, such enhancement can lead to some reaction or revenge against the alleged persecutors. If such enhancement accompanies being desperate, destroying anything, and so forth explained earlier, they can be fierce.
    All the same, the following is more important than the above. All human beings have falling tendencies, and some have intense falling tendencies, but even out of those having intense ones, not all react and revenge themselves in the above way. Many of them head for not others but the self, harbor anxiety, self-hatred, shame, and so forth, and escape and patch up falling tendencies.

DESTROYING THE MIRROR

    As for the self's falling tendencies, when they are recollected as images, they come to cause some pain at latest by the ending part of the adolescent period. Moreover, as for some other persons', when they are recognized, sometimes, the self's are associated from them and cause some pain. This is as if the self's falling tendencies were reflected on the half-mirror or magic mirror in front of those other persons. Then, those having intense falling tendencies sometimes hate and try to destroy some other persons having some falling tendencies similar to theirs. This can be called "Destroying the Mirror."
    Out of falling functions, showing off the self, destroying anything, and controlling anything often clash against one another in practical interpersonal relations. Therefore destroying the mirror is often caused against those falling functions. Simply, attention seekers hate attention seekers.
    In addition, destroying the mirror is often caused against some of a child's family members. For the reasons which have been explained so far, the falling functions of a child often resemble its mothers'. In addition, because its brothers and sisters have been brought up by the same mothers, its falling functions often resemble its brothers and sisters'. In addition, because its mothers' spouse is sometimes included in its mothers by definition or plays role of its mothers more or less, its falling functions sometimes resemble its mothers' spouse's. Above all, for a child, who has not deeply entered the outer society yet, the most intimate interpersonal relation both in a good sense and in a bad sense is that with its family, and complicated emotions are often formed against its family. Therefore destroying the mirror is often caused against some of its family members.
    The disgust of their parents by boys and girls in the adolescent period is sometimes destroying the mirror. Though destroying the mirror overlaps with what is called rebellion, as long as falling tendencies continue, the tendency to destroy the mirror is not reduced after the adolescent period. It is in the adolescent period that destroying the mirror get clear for the first time.
    Destroying the mirror also hinders egos from facing the self's falling functions and tendencies. This is because the self's falling functions and tendencies do not appear to be its own properties at least while destroying the mirror. This is also a vicious circle. Therefore destroying the mirror is included in falling functions in these books.

EXCESSIVE REBELLIONS

When the enclosure and control by their parents are intense and continue in the adolescent period or later and when children or young men or women always try to rebel against them, sometimes, the functions other than rebellions are not caused, and the abilities of intentional functions and the tendencies of egos other than rebellious ones are not formed. For example, some young men or women get separated from their parents or married in order not to be independent but to be separated from their parents. The abilities and tendencies to live independently is not formed by such separation or marriage. Therefore excessive rebellions are included in falling functions in these books.

ADOLESCENT FALLING FUNCTIONS AND TENDENCIES

    Those are adolescent tendencies falling (into a vicious circle). They are formed by ego' coping with infantile and preadolescent falling functions and tendencies.
    The tendency to escape and patch up falling tendencies' images are the most serious of all adolescent falling ones. Far from that, they are the most serious of all falling ones.
    As for the tendencies to destroy and control anything which are mainly formed in the baby and infant period, in the postinfant and preadolescent period or the adolescent period, not small parts of them are reinforced by the imitation or the similar are formed. The imitation, above all, in violent groups is serious.
    The following are the postadolescent falling functions and tendencies.

POSTADOLESCENT FALLING FUNCTIONS AND TENDENCIES

They are not so important. No important ones emerge in the postadolescent period. However, falling functions, above all, adolescent ones like escaping and patching up falling tendencies' images go complicated and cunning in general. Therefore it gets harder and harder for both other persons and the self to find them out.

ATTRIBUTING THE CAUSE OF THE SELF'S FALLING TENDENCIES TO OTHER PERSONS

As was explained earlier, mothers' falling tendencies, thinness of love, and enclosure, and seniors' falling tendencies imitated by children exist as the causes of falling tendencies. All the same, they are no more than external situations. At the ending part of this book, it will be clear that the main cause forming the self's falling tendencies is not such external situations.
Anyway, it would goes without saying that it is of no use and is a kind of falling function that we think that the major cause forming the self's falling tendencies are other persons and that we blame them forever.

FACING THE SELF'S FALLING TENDENCIES

THE FUNCTIONAL IMAGES OF FALLING FUNCTIONS' CAUSING PAIN

An ego consists of a rational system and an emotional system. In the rational system, from the recognition of the situation, some equally possible and necessary intentional functions are recollected as functional images and cause the excitements and transmissions of some image to function neuronal ways. Immediately thereafter, in the emotional system, those functional images(' sources) cause the excitements and transmissions of some image to emotion neuronal ways, and the excitements and transmissions of those image to emotion neuronal ways cause some pleasure or displeasure autonomic sensations, out of them, those which have the most intense pleasure cause some functional impulses, and, out of them, the most intense of them cause the whole of a (limited) ego. After all, the ego causes the intentional function corresponding the functional image which indirectly caused the most intense functional impulse. Metaphorically, the rational system proposes various intentional functions which are equally possible and necessary in the situation as functional images, and the emotional system decides which of them to adopt and carry out with pleasure or displeasure autonomic sensations and functional impulses. Thus, it is not rational systems but emotional systems that are decisive in egos.
This is true, of course, of the egos in tendencies falling (into a vicious circle). Even if falling functions are recollected as functional images, when they do not cause pleasure autonomic sensations or when they cause displeasure autonomic sensations, that is, the mental pain like anxiety, self-hatred, and boredom, falling (intentional) functions are not caused. This already means that falling tendencies are reduced, which this book aims at. However, it is true as far as the pain caused by the functional images of falling functions. It is not at all that we can cause whatever pain there is at hand. Again, it is the pain caused by the functional images of falling functions that need to be caused in order to reduce falling tendencies.

FACING FORMATION PROCESSES, VICIOUS CIRCLES, AND CONTINUOUS OR CONTINUAL PAIN OF FALLING TENDENCIES

    In order for the functional images of falling functions to cause pain, initially, it is necessary that the formation processes, various vicious circles, and continuous or continual pain of falling tendencies are recollected indirectly through associations from the functional images and that they cause the pain similar to boredom. That is, initially, it is not directly but considerably indirectly that functional images cause pain. While it is repeated, functional images come to cause pain less indirectly or directly.
    In addition, falling tendencies include not only egos' tendencies but also a few tendencies of emotions and recollections of images. All the same, when the former are reduced, the latter are reduced, too.
    However, from the beginning, the falling tendencies including their formation processes, vicious circles, and continuous or continual pain and those of the self, other persons, and general human beings have caused such pain as anxiety, hatred, self-hatred, and shame. For this very reason, we have escaped and patched up (the images of) falling tendencies. Therefore manipulating (or thinking of) falling tendencies is no more than facing (or confronting) them. Though we need to face falling tendencies, it also accompanies some pain, and we tend to escape it. Then, we need to face the formation processes, vicious circles, and continuous or continual pain of the falling tendencies as straight as possible and to avoid unnecessary pain. For the sake of such straight facing, the writers of this book are certain that reading this book is the fittest because it is written exclusively about falling tendencies.

CONFIRMING THAT FALLING TENDENCIES HAVE BEEN FORMED MAINLY ACQUIREDLY SINCE THE BABY PERIOD

    As has been explained again and again, falling tendencies are formed mainly acquiredly. Please confitm it again. In this section, what has not been explained again and again will be confirmed.
    By innate or acquired functional or organic disorders in nervous systems, the tendencies of emotions and egos' emotional systems in general can be increased or decreased, and the abilities and tendencies of memories, perceptions, associations, thinkings, and the rational system of egos in general can be increased or decreased. For example 1, in the depressive episode of recurrent depressive disorder, the tendencies of emotions and egos' rational systems in general are decreased. For example 2, in organic brain disorder, memories, thinkings, and so forth and the rational systems of egos in general go irrational. If the tendencies of egos are increased or decreased by innate or acquired disorders, all or most of the tendencies (of the outlines) of limited egos are increased or decreased, and it never happens that only the tendencies (of outlines) of (limited) egos falling (into a vicious circle) are increased or decreased. In a limiting function of a limiting ego, though a lot of limited egos arise, a limited ego whose (outline's) tendency is the largest is caused. Here what matters is not how large or small in general the tendencies of (limited) egos are but which tendencies (of outlines) are comparatively large or small in each individual. That is, what matters is their difference in each individual. Therefore innate or acquired disorders do not significantly affect falling tendencies whether in good or bad manner.
    In addition, it will go without saying that falling tendencies cannot be reduced by pharmacotherapy or gene therapy.
    To be sure, it is hard to reform the self's properties including falling tendencies. Many human beings have been giving up such hard reformations by saying to themselves, "It cannot be helped because it was inherited." By confirming the above, as far as falling tendencies are concerned, such resignation would be removed.
    By confirming the above, we will be able to concentrate on the situations and the egos taking place from the baby and infant period to the present which have formed falling tendencies.

SEPARATING THE SELF'S FALLING TENDENCIES' IMAGES FROM OTHER PERSONS' MENTAL FUNCTIONS' IMAGES

To be sure, falling functions often incur other persons' mental functions like advise, admonition, criticism, reprimand, disgust, anger, sneer, alienation, and neglect. the self's falling tendencies' images and the images of those mental functions of other persons are often memorized, stored, and recollected together and unified. In the early stage when there is not much experience of facing falling tendencies, those unified images cause the feeling of being oppressed and rebellions, and they hinder egos from facing falling tendencies. In the middle stage when the experience of facing is half way, they often cause the pain like shame or dishonor and feeling of guilty. From the beginning, those mental functions of other persons sometimes target the surface of the infantile falling tendencies like those to be sticky, to show off the self, controlling anything, to destroy anything, to be narcissistic, the preadolescent falling tendencies like the desire for power caused by the desire to make the self eternal, and the adolescent falling tendencies like that to escape interpersonal relations, but they never target the depths of general falling tendencies and the process of their formation. In addition, with the feeling like shame or dishonor and the feeling of guilty caused by those unified images, egos instantly escape the self's falling tendencies' images. Such feelings are unproductive. It is boredom that is productive in order to reduce falling tendencies. On those grounds, the above not only are useless but also hinder egos from facing falling tendencies. Those are true of traditional ethics, religion, and the counseling by the psychologists and psychiatrists who have rarely practiced facing falling tendencies. On those grounds, we need as clearly as possible to separate the self's falling tendencies' images and other persons' mental functions' images which have been unified and to concentrate on the former. In addition, in the very internal situation where unproductive feelings like shame or dishonor and the feeling of guilty are caused, we had better refresh ourselves, as it were. In short, each of us cannot help facing falling tendencies all alone.

USELESSNESS OF THE SELF'S MENTAL FUNCTIONS TO OTHER PERSONS

To be sure, there are mothers' thinness of love and enclosure of children, children's seniors imitated by them, battering, neglect, and alienation at home, bullying and alienation at school, and so forth as an external and indirect situations forming the self's falling tendencies. However, they are no more than the major part out of the external and indirect situations forming falling tendencies. As will be made clear later, the major factor in the formation of falling tendencies is not such external and indirect things.
If the mental functions to other persons like the destruction of mirrors, excessive rebellion, and attributing the cause of the self's falling tendencies to other persons which were explained earlier are caused in those external and indirect situations, they hinder egos from facing the self's falling tendencies.

FORMING THE TENDENCY OF THE FEELING OF BOREDOM BY FACING THE FORMATION PROCESSES, VICIOUS CIRCLES, AND CONTINUOUS OR CONTINUAL PAIN OF FALLING TENDENCIES

    When egos face the formation processes of falling tendencies and various vicious circles and continuous or continual pain caused by falling tendencies which have been explained and will be explained in this book, we will come to have the pain similar to boredom. For simplicity, it is called merely "Boredom" in this chapter. When we face them, some regret will be caused together with boredom. All the same, regret will reinforce boredom.
    Anxiety, self-hatred, shames or dishonor, the feeling of guilty, and so forth has been making egos escape and patch up their objects including falling tendencies. In contrast, boredom does not make egos escape and patch up its objects of mental emotions including falling tendencies. This is the greatest merit of boredom. Forming boredom by facing the formation processes of falling tendencies and the various vicious circles and continuous or continual pain caused by falling tendencies is the decisive way to reduce falling tendencies.
    Of course, they vary between individuals. This book have only been explaining those which the writers think are general. Nonetheless, the writers think that this book is useful as the reference for each of us to face them.

FACING FALLING TENDENCIES ON SITE IN THE MIDST OF EGOS

However, it is probable that facing them, above all, the formation processes and vicious circles end up in a mere knowledge or theory. In order to prevent it, egos need to face them on site in the midst of egos. As was explained in "EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES," each ego have a multilayer structure, and it is possible that in a larger egos, smaller egos manipulate the falling functions recollected as functional images and think of falling tendencies and face them. This is facing them on site in the midst of egos. For example, in a larger ego in an external situation of an interpersonal relation, when an interpersonal function like being sticky or showing off the self is recollected as a functional image, a smaller ego can manipulate that functional image and think of the falling tendency to do so and face it.

FACING TENDENCIES TO ESCAPE AND PATCH UP FALLING TENDENCIES' IMAGES

Nonetheless, falling tendencies are persistent and are not easily reduced. Why? That is because the tendency to escape and patch up falling tendencies(' images) hinders egos from facing falling tendencies, above all, the very falling tendency to escape and patch up falling tendencies. That is, the main factor of falling tendencies is not mothers' falling tendencies, thinness of love, or enclosure of children, or children's seniors' falling tendencies imitated by them but the self's egos' tendency to escape and patch up the self's falling tendencies. It is nothing but egos in and after the adolescent period that have been escaping and patching up falling tendencies(' images). That is, the present egos are also escaping and patching up them. First, egos need to face the present tendency to escape and patch up them. It is possible in such a way as was explained in the above section.
All the same, it is hard for egos to face the tendency to escape and patch up falling tendencies(' images)straightly without preparation. Egos also need to face the formation process of that tendency which took place in the adolescent period. For example, egos need to face the fact that because the self's tendency to be sticky caused anxiety, self-hatred, and shame, they were escaping and patching up its images. The self and egos in the adolescent period are much closer to those at present than those in the baby and infant or preadolescent period. It is much easier for us to face the formation processes of adolescent falling tendencies including the tendency to escape and patch up falling tendencies(' images) than to face infant and preadolescent falling tendencies. Simply, they would be recollected as if they had taken place yesterday.

References

SENSATIONS AND RECOLLECTIONS OF IMAGES

EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES

EXISTENCE AND LIBERTY